Balkinization   |
Balkinization
Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Does the Military Commissions Act apply to citizens?
|
Friday, September 29, 2006
Does the Military Commissions Act apply to citizens?
JB
Many people have been asking about whether the new MCA applies to citizens. The answer seems pretty straightforward. (1) Yes, a few parts of the MCA do apply to citizens; and (2) the MCA is probably unconstitutional in many of its applications to citizens; and (3) some constitutional applications of the MCA to citizens are deeply troubling. A U.S. citizen may be an unlawful enemy combatant under section 948a. Section 948a(1) defines an unlawful enemy combatant as "(i) a person who has engaged in hostilities or who has purposefully and materially supported hostilities against the United States or its co-belligerents who is not a lawful enemy combatant (including a person who is part of the Taliban, al Qaeda, or associated forces; or (ii) a person who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, has been determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense." Section 948b states that "[t]his chapter establishes procedures governing the use of military commissions to try alien unlawful enemy combatants." So the MCA's procedures apply only to aliens; not to citizens. Nevertheless, Congress has declared that persons falling into the definition in 948a are unlawful enemy combatants whether they are aliens or citizens. Why does this matter, if the military commission procedures in the MCA don't apply to citizens? The answer is that the government might seek to detain citizens as unlawful enemy combatants using the new definition in section 948a. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld states that the President had authority to detain enemy combatants according to the laws of war based on a fairly narrow definition of the term "enemy combatant": Hamdi, however, states that citizens have the right under the Due Process Clause to contest their designation as enemy combatants. Because section 948a(1)(ii) purports to make determinations of enemy combatant status conclusive, it is unconstitutional to that extent. Moreover, some applications of "material support" in section 948(1)(i) would violate the Due Process Clause or the First Amendment. But even putting those cases to one side, the new definition is still troubling: there would be many cases where the new definition is not otherwise unconstitutional but sweeps up people who pose no serious threat to national security. For example, suppose a person knowingly lets an al Qaeda operative stay at their house overnight. That person may be in violation of federal law, but it's hardly clear that the government should have the right to detain such a person indefinitely in a military prison without Bill of Rights protections until the end of the War on Terror, whenever that is. The problem with 948a(1) is that it may place Congress's stamp of approval on a definition of "unlawful enemy combatant" that is far too broad and that allows the government to move a wide swath of citizens outside of the normal procedural protections of the criminal justice system and into a parallel system where the Bill of Rights does not apply. One last point: Section 7(a) of the MCA strips habeas and federal court jurisdiction with respect to aliens. It does not strip jurisdiction with respect to citizens. However, what if the DoD determines that a U.S. citizen is an alien in a Combatant Status Review Tribunal, claims that its determination is conclusive under section 948a(1)(ii) and ships the person off to Guantanamo? As I noted before, section 948a(1)(ii) is probably unconstitutional to the extent that it suggests that DoD determinations are conclusive. The citizen should still have the right to prove that he is a citizen in a habeas proceeding, and a court must determine that question in order to determine whether it has jurisdiction. To the extent that the MCA would prevent such a determination, it is unconstitutional.
Comments:
what about this, from the House bill? seems to limit the commissions' authority to aliens.
Sec. 948c. Persons subject to military commissions `Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under this chapter.
"(ii) a person who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, has been determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense."
Given that Congress is not setting forth any rule regarding who can or cannot be determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by the Executive (i.e. an unlawful enemy combatant is whoever the Executive says so), would this provision be a delegation of legislative power from Congress to the Executive? If so, would this delegation be permissible under the U.S. Constitution?
"The citizen [imprisoned as an alien] should still have the right to prove that he is a citizen in a habeas proceeding, and a court must determine that question in order to determine whether it has jurisdiction. To the extent that the MCA would prevent such a determination, it is unconstitutional."
Yes, but how does the citizen get into court to challenge the constitutionality of the MCA? I suppose that a relative of the citizen would have standing -- if he knows where the citizen has "disappeared" to.
From Wikipedia:
Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted on a person as a means of intimidation, deterrence, revenge, punishment, sadism, information gathering, or to obtain false confessions for propaganda or political purposes. It can be used as an interrogation tactic to extract confessions. Torture is also used as a method of coercion or as a tool to control groups seen as a threat by governments. Throughout history, it has often been used as a method of effecting religious conversion or political “re-education.” Torture is almost universally considered to be an extreme violation of human rights, as stated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Signatories of the Third Geneva Convention and Fourth Geneva Convention agree not to torture protected persons (enemy civilians and POWs) in armed conflicts, and signatories of the UN Convention Against Torture agree not to intentionally inflict severe pain or suffering on anyone, to obtain information or a confession, to punish them, or to coerce them or a third person.
Professor Balkin:...suppose a person knowingly lets an al Qaeda operative stay at their house overnight. That person may be in violation of federal law, but it's hardly clear that the government should have the right to detain such a person indefinitely in a military prison without Bill of Rights protections until the end of the War on Terror, whenever that is.(emphasis added)
This, sir, is a compelling example of why we must counter the war meme itself if we hope to have any real effect in our opposition to the continued power-grabs of PNAC and the intelligence community. Respectfully, I repeat my plea for you to take up that cause.
So, how much does the Senate version differ from HR6166 as passed? I'm reading that it was amended, but not finding details on how.
Professor Balkin:
The definition of unlawful combatants is not limited to aliens because citizens can also in fact be unlawful enemy combatants fighting for al Qaeda. This legislation largely leaves unanswered what interrogation we can subject citizen unlawful combatants to for intelligence gathering purposes, but information obtained in such interrogations is unlikely to be admitted a criminal evidence in any court which has jurisdiction to try a citizen unlawful enemy combatant. Only aliens are subject to military commissions an civilian or UCMJ courts use the standard federal rules of evidence.
I don't understand your point about Hamdi. You say that section 948a(1)(ii) violates the Due Process clause because "it purports to make determinations of enemy combatant status conclusive." But the determinations it purports to make conclusive are those of the "Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense." All Hamdi reads due process to require is a "meaningful opportunity to contest the factual basis of the detention before a neutral decisionmaker." Obviously, that doesn't have to be an Article III court. Why couldn't it be the CSTR?
(ii) a person who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, has been determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense."
Although this section refers to an individual, I worry about the tribunal applying the definition of enemy combatant to a class of people.
ACB--because the CSRT (which should NOT be confused with a military commission) does not, in fact, provide any semblance of due process. In a CSRT, a prisoner:
--the definition of "enemy combatant" is incredibly broad, including people who never fired a weapon, never knowingly supported the Taliban or Al Qaeda, never encountered US troops, acted under extreme duress, etc. etc. etc. --a prisoner has the burden of proving innocence --all of the evidence against him is classified --he cannot call witnesses or submit documents unless the tribunal decides they are "reasonably available" --he does not get a lawyer --evidence admitted under torture is allowed. etc.
Can on branch of government deny the efforts of another? In other words, does the language of the MCA disallow the Judiciary from acting?
Never before have I been as ashamed and disgusted to be an American as I am today. As we struggle to supposedly spread the ideals of freedom and democracy around the globe it is ironic that the US administration and the Congress, apparently with the support and blessings of many many Americans, are vigorously curtailing those ideals at home.
Katherine, as far as I can tell from reading the bill - someone correct me if I'm wrong - almost all of the characterizations you make are untrue. The accused to get lawyers, there is provision for reasonable discovery and evidence obtained under torture is specifically excluded.
Dave
lenny bruce(get ready for the hot lead enema folks):
What Bush does when he talks about spreading freedom and democracy is speaking in code. He speaks of exporting our brand of freedom. By that he means his definition of "our" which obviously pertains to the oligarchs with whom he identifies and the authoritarians he admires so much. The hardest thing I have had to do lately is explain to a Russian friend in St.Petersburg with a group of Russian students listening why it is so difficult to remove a man who a majority of the country did not vote for and who they do not support. The Russians don't understand, nor do the Romanians or other Eastern European people, that the United States is not the great shining light of democracy they have been lead to believe it is. They cannot accept that our electoral system can be broken. It's kind of a cognitive dissonance thing with them. We are America, that concept stands for something with them that it ceeased to be here at home more than a generation ago.
The clear way around the habeas corpus restriction to aliens is to detain a citizen as an unlawful enemy combatant, an unappeasable designation, and then immediately ship him to a CIA prison abroad, and leave him there indefinitely if that is what is wanted. Bush has acknowledged the existence of secret CIA prisons abroad. This occurred when, on Sept. 6, 2006, he called for the authority to try prisoners by military commissions. Indeed, there is a network of such CIA prisons outside the country. The CIA’s practice is to interrogate a prisoner in the US, if that is initially convenient, and, if he doesn't cooperate as required, to then threaten him with being sent abroad for torture and if that does not yield results, then to actually send them to a CIA prison abroad for “alternative interrogation techniques” and a longer prison stay. This procedure was followed in the case of Mahar Arar, the innocent Canadian computer engineer, who was turned over to the CIA in the US by Canadian authorities based on false information and who was then taken abroad and beaten with battery cables by CIA agents in a CIA prison, but later found to be innocent and released.
Katherine, as far as I can tell from reading the bill - someone correct me if I'm wrong - almost all of the characterizations you make are untrue. The accused to get lawyers, there is provision for reasonable discovery and evidence obtained under torture is specifically excluded.
1. They do get lawyers, but only once they are brought before the Military Commission. Prior to that stage, I see no right to counsel. Section 950h(c). 2. The ban on evidence obtained by torture is a semantic game. The Administration has internally decided that certain interrogation techniques are not "torture" even though they obviously are and have been held to be in the past, including by US tribunals. 3. The section on "discovery" (949j) is not very clear. As I read it, the only right given is the right to subpoena witnesses and documents for trial. The only actual "discovery" is that the prosecution is obligated to turn over exculpatory evidence. That, of course, is a right which depends on the good faith of the prosecutor. As I read it, the accused has no right at all to conduct what we would ordinarily call "discovery" -- that is, to conduct his OWN investigation into the facts using the process of the court.
I don't understand the point about section 948a(1)(ii) "purport[ing] to make determinations of enemy combatant status conclusive."
Nowhere does section 948a(1) say that Courts are not permitted to be involved. There is no claim that an executive branch determination of enemy combatant status excludes a Court finding, on habeas corpus, the opposite. Indeed, I don't see anything interesting about section 948a(1) at all. It is the same as any other provision of law regarding administrative decisionmaking. It is the same, for example, as an environmental law that provides that, e.g., a source of pollution is defined as a source that has been determined to be such by some adminsitrative review. That's not a statement that something is "conclusively" a source of pollution such that the courts couldn't find otherwise. Same here - this law doesn't provide that if a person is determined by a Review Tribunalto be a UEC that the courts couldn't find otherwise.
This is an appalling piece of legislation on so many levels, but I think JB must be mistaken about the applicability of the "dispositive" determination of unlawful enemy combatant status where the alleged UEC is, in fact, a citizen. If I am reading the enrolled version of the bill correctly, there are two elements required for jurisdiction of the military commissions. To be subject to their jurisdiction, one must be both an alien and an unlawful enemy combatant. Because the phrase “for purposes of jurisdiction” limits the extent to which the determination of unlawful enemy combatant status is dispositive, it should have no relevance to the citizen who is not subject to military commission jurisdiction. The erroneous determination that someone is an alien is not dispositive for purposes of jurisdiction of the military commissions, and the citizen still has the ability to bring a habeas writ.
Nowhere does section 948a(1) say that Courts are not permitted to be involved. There is no claim that an executive branch determination of enemy combatant status excludes a Court finding, on habeas corpus, the opposite.
Section 948d(c) expressly provides that a determination of a "Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense that a person is an unlawful enemy combatant is dispositive for purposes of jurisdiction for trial by military commission under this chapter." This means that any person found to be a UEC is per se subject to the jurisdiction of the Military Commission. Under Section 950g, the only judicial review of the Military Commission is through the DC Circuit. Section 950j(b) eliminates habeas corpus review. I realized I left unspoken an important fact in my previous post. I pointed out that the right to counsel only applied at the Military Commission stage. The significance of this is that the Administration has no obligation to bring a prisoner before a commission. If they don't, the prisoner just has to sit in his cell, without access to any court and without an attorney. Forever.
This is a bad bill, and I certainly do not like the way it purports to strip aliens of their habeas rights. However, it does appear to treat citizens differently.
948d(c) says the determination by the executive branch that a person is an unlawful enemy combatant is "dispositive for purposes of jurisdiction for trial by military commission under this chapter." That does not mean that the determination of UEC status is sufficient for such jurisdiction. The person must still be an alien to be tried by military commission, and the determination of alien status is not dispositive for purposes of jurisdiction for trial by military commission. So, citizens cannot simply be herded into military commission trials without habeas rights as aliens can.
So, citizens cannot simply be herded into military commission trials without habeas rights as aliens can.
Agreed. I think -- it's not a very easy statute to parse, but I believe you're right.
"So, citizens cannot simply be herded into military commission trials without habeas rights as aliens can."
Patience, patience...
So under the new law, any of us criticizing the führer's policies can be declared an "unlawful combatant"...
Can the ovens be too far off?
Why speak of lawyers. The US Navy lawyer who won the supreme court case was just passed over for promotion to commander (meaning he was fired by the Navy) and the civil rights lawyer is on her way to jail. Exactly what quality of representation do you expect to receive. See you in Gitmo!
"(ii) a person who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006...
Am I missing something when I ask at what point "Ex Post Facto" law became acceptable? I though no law could be made to illegalize a previously legal act. Or am I misunterpreting something? Thanks.
Balkinization... is that a bad thing ? comp command I wonder if our politicians made the effort to put themselves into a normal persons shoes for a day.
I wanted to thank you for this great article. I enjoyed every single part of it and I will be waiting for the new updates.
Polo tshirts
نقل عفش داخل الرياض
شركة رش مبيدات بالرياض شركات مكافحة القوارض شركة ابادة الحشرات شركة مكافحة حشرات بالرياض مكافحة البق مكافحة حشرات الفراش شركات مكافحة النمل الابيض بالرياض here here here here here here here here here here here here here here تخزين اثاث تهريب الحمامات والمطابخ عزل اسطح وخزانات شركة نقل اثاث بالرياض شركة تنظيف بالرياض افضل شركات التنظيف في الرياض شركة تنظيف شقق بالرياض شركة مكافحة الحشرات بالرياض شركة تنظيف منازل بالدمام شركات تنظيف بالدمام شركة تنظيف فلل بالرياض تنظيف فلل افضل شركة تنظيف فلل بالرياض شركة تنظيف شقق بالرياض تخزين عفش بالرياض نقل اثاث شركات نقل عفش بالرياض تغليف الاثاث thanks so much i like very so much your post حلي الاوريو الفطر الهندي صور تورتة حلى قهوه طريقة عمل السينابون طريقة عمل بلح الشام بيتزا هت كيكة الزبادي حلا سهل صور كيك عجينة العشر دقائق طريقة عمل الدونات طريقة عمل البان كيك طريقة عمل الكنافة طريقة عمل البسبوسة طريقة عمل الكيك طريقة عمل عجينة البيتزا فوائد القرفه
15713meiqing
true religion sale longchamp handbags jordan concord 11s coach outlet store online chi flat irons louis vuitton handbags michael kors outlet oakley sunglass christian louboutin outlet kate spade handbags timberland boots burberry outlet online copy watches michael kors michael kors coach factory outlet michael kors outlet online sale louis vuitton outlet michael kors outlet online tods outlet store nfl jerseys louis vuitton outlet true religion kd shoes jordan 13 louis vuitton christian louboutin outlet ray ban sunglasses air max 90 pandora charms coach handags true religion ed hardy clothing oakley vault michael kors outlet oakley sunglasses jordan 13 polo ralph lauren michael kors lebron shoes كشف تسربات المياه شركة تنظيف بالرياض شركة نقل اثاث بالرياض شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالرياض شركة تخزين اثاث بالرياض شركة مكافحة حشرات بالرياض شركة تنظيف خزانات بالرياض شركة تنظيف شقق بالرياض شركة تنظيف منازل بالرياض شركة تنظيف فلل بالرياض شركة جلي رخام بالرياض شركة مكافحة الفئران بالرياض شركة مكافحة صراصير بالرياض شركة مكافحة حشرات بجدة شركة شراء اثاث مستعمل بالرياض شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام كشف تسربات المياه بجدة شركة تسليك مجاري بالرياض
This was a fantastic article. Really loved reading your we blog post. The information was very informative and helpful...
Obat Ambeien Dalam Obat Ambeien Tradisional Cina Obat Ambeien Ardium Obat Ambeien Herbal Yang Ampuh Obat Ambeien Salep Obat Ambeien Ibu Menyusui Obat Ambeien Untuk Anak Obat Ambeien Apotik Obat Ambeien Ambeclear Obat Wasir Yang Murah dan Ampuh Obat Ambeien Secara Alami Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir
Cara ampuh mengobati kutil kelamin tanpa operasi
obat kutil kelamin untuk ibu hamil obat kutil kelamin tanpa operasi obat kutil kelamin kaskus obat kutil kelamin dokter obat kutil kelamin mujarab obat kutil kelamin di jakarta obat kutil kelamin untuk wanita obat kutil kelamin/jengger ayam obat kutil kelamin surabaya obat kutil kelamin yang ada di apotik obat kutil kelamin bandung Kapur sirih untuk obat kutil kelamin Obat kutil kelamin medis Obat menghilangkan kutil kelamin Obat menyembuhkan kutil kelamin Obat tradisional menyembuhkan kutil kelamin Obat minum untuk kutil kelamin Obat medis untuk kutil kelamin Merek obat kutil kelamin Obat kutil kelamin de nature Nama obat kutil kelamin Obat tradisional buat sipilis Obat herbal buat sipilis Obat dokter buat sipilis Obat generik buat sipilis Obat sipilis dengan bayam duri Obat sipilis yang bagus Obat china sipilis Cara obat sipilis di apotik
Cara obat sipilis pada pria
Cari obat sipilis Contoh obat sipilis http://agusus1.blogspot.com/ http://agusyafii.blogspot.com/ http://amateursexxxx.blogspot.co.id/ Obat jengger ayam obat jengger ayam pada wanita obat jengger ayam pada anus obat jengger ayam di anus obat jengger ayam hitam obat sakit jengger ayam obat penyakit jengger ayam pada pria obat penghilang jengger ayam harga obat jengger ayam obat apotik jengger ayam obat dokter jengger ayam obat herbal untuk jengger ayam obat penyakit kulit jengger ayam Cara mengobati jengger ayam ampuh Cara paling ampuh mengobati gonore atau kencing nanah nama obat gonore di apotek obat oral gonore obat gonore propolis obat gonore pdf obat penyakit gonore obat paten gonore obat penderita gonore resep obat penyakit gonore obat cina penyakit gonore obat dari penyakit gonore
obat kanker serviks herbal manjur
obat kanker serviks ampuh paten obat kanker serviks paling manjur obat kanker serviks manjur paten obat kanker serviks herbal paten obat kankerviks herbal alami obat ampuh kanker serviks obat untuk kanker serviks ampuh obat kanker serviks manjur obat tradisional kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur paten ampuh obat kanker serviks secara herbal obat herpes alami paten obat herpes genital alami paten obat herpes paten genital obat paten herpes genital ampuh obat paten herpes genital manjur obat herpes atau dompo oaten obat buat herpes genital paten obat bagus buat herpes genital paten obat herpes cepat sembuh paten obat herpes paling cepat sembuh paten obat herpes herbal di kemaluan obat herpes genital kulit top manjur
obat kanker serviks tradisional jawa
obat kanker serviks tradisional jawa sumatera Obat kanker serviks tradisional sumatera Obat kanker serviks tradisional kalimantan obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal jawa obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal jawa sumatera obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal sumatera obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku pedalaman obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku pedalaman sumatra Obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku jawa obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal s obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku minang obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku sunda Obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku irian obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku dayak obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku kubu obat tradisional kanker serviks suku obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku bugis obat herbal herpes genital dompo obat herbal herpes genital dompo simplex
Obat kanker serviks
Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks
151203meiqing
canada goose jackets ray-ban sunglasses coach factory outlet abercrombie and fitch giuseppe zanotti sneakers louis vuitton outlet ugg boots michael kors outlet louis vuitton handbags oakley sunglasses coach outlet coach outlet store online abercrombie coach factory outlet timberland boots uggs outlet michael kors bag ugg boots abercrombie coach outlet store online ray ban sunglasses ugg outlet coach outlet the north face jackets coach outlet online michael kors uk true religion jeans ugg boots ugg outlet toms outlet ugg boots michael kors handbags toms shoes adidas superstar louis vuitton outlet chanel bags north face jackets louis vuitton handbags michael kors outlet stores louis vuitton outlet
michael kors outlets
michael kors factory michael kors outlet online store 49.00 outlet Michael Kors Flagship Store Michael Kors Handbags Michael Kors Drawstring Bags Michael Kors Necklace Michael Kors Jewelry Sale Michael Kors Clutches Michael Kors shoulder-bags michael kors outlet michael kors 2015 michael kors outlet michael kors outlet stores michael kors outlet online sale michael kors outlet online sale michael kors sale Michael Kors Wallet michael kors purses michael kors handbags michael kors tote michael kors bags michael kors uk michael kors uk
Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this website.
It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s challenging to get that “perfect balance” between superb usability and visual appeal. I must say you have done a amazing job with this. In addition, the blog loads very quick for me on Chrome. Exceptional Blog! cara mengobati asam urat secara alami dan cepat
hay day cheats tool
hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool
hay day cheats tool
hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool hay day cheats tool
chenlina20160716
coach outlet vans shoes sale jordan 3 white cenment michael kors outlet jordan concords ralph lauren coach outlet christian louboutin outlet oakley outlet cheap oakley sunglasses fitflops sale clearance louis vuitton outlet christian louboutin shoes adidas yeezy oakley sunglasses jordan 8 cheap toms nike free run jordan 4 oakley sunglasses coach factory outlet gucci outlet louis vuitton handbags ray ban sunglasses jordan retro louis vuitton outlet air jordan pas cher louis vuitton outlet ralph lauren outlet michael kors outlet coach outlet jordan retro coach factory outlet online coach outlet store online burberry outlet coach factory outlet adidas yeezy 350 lebron 11 marc jacobs handbags polo ralph lauren as
Hungry Shark Evolution Hack
Hungry Shark Evolution Hack Hungry Shark Evolution Hack Hungry Shark Evolution Hack Hungry Shark Evolution Hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack
obat alergi kulit tradisional paling ampuh | penyebab dan cara mengatasi alergi dingin | jenis alergi pada kulit | jenis-jenis alergi | cara mencegah timbulnya alergi | makanan pemicu alergi | gejala alergi makanan | obat alergi yang aman untuk ibu hamil |
simcity buildit hack
simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack
nice article, thanks bagi anda yang ingin bertanya seputar kesehatan dan penyakit serta obat obatan herbal anda dapat mencari dan bertanya di Tanya herbal atau anda sedang mencari Cara Melangsingkan Perut Setelah Operasi Caesar atau informasi tentang batuk berdarah dan cara penyembuhannya
hungry shark evolution hack
hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack hungry shark evolution hack
simcity buildit hack
Post a Comment
simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buidlit hack simcity buildit hack simcity buildit hack
|
Books by Balkinization Bloggers ![]() Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) ![]() Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin’s Press, 2022) ![]() Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) ![]() Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). ![]() Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). ![]() Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) ![]() Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020) ![]() Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020). ![]() Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020) ![]() Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020) ![]() Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020) ![]() Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019) ![]() Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018) ![]() Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018) ![]() Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) ![]() Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) ![]() Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) ![]() Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) ![]() Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) ![]() Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) ![]() Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) ![]() Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution ![]() Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) ![]() Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) ![]() John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) ![]() Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) ![]() Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) ![]() James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) ![]() Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) ![]() Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) ![]() Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) ![]() Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011) ![]() Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011) ![]() Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011) ![]() Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011) ![]() Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010) ![]() Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic ![]() Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010) ![]() Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010) Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009) ![]() Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009) ![]() Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009) ![]() Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009) Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009) ![]() Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008) ![]() David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007) ![]() Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007) ![]() Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006) ![]() Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |