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John Bingham--Moderate or Radical?
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John Bingham--Moderate or Radical?
Gerard N. Magliocca
I'm now about half-way through my draft of the Bingham biography, and I wanted to post about an insight into his political profile that I think others have overlooked.
One of the most vexing questions for scholars of Reconstruction is whether Bingham was a moderate or a radical. You can find evidence that points both ways, which may suggest that the inquiry is pointless. Another way to think about the issue, though, is that Bingham was one of the most radical Republicans in the House of Representatives prior to the Civil War, while after the war he often opposed the more extreme faction led by Thaddeus Stevens and was considered a leading moderate. Did Bingham mellow with age? What other explanation could there be?
Here's one possibility. Take a look at his share of the popular vote in his congressional races before the War:
1854: 65%
1856: 58%
1858: 57%
1860: 64%
Now look at his shares during and after the War:
1862: 45%
1864: 52%
1866: 52%
1868: 52%
1870: 50%
In 1862, Bingham's congressional district was redrawn and became more conservative. He lost that election in part because troops from the district who were in the field could not vote. Indeed, in 1864 Bingham again lost the votes of men residing in the district and won only because of military votes. After that, every election was touch-and-go until he left Congress in 1873.
Thus, it may be that the "moderate" John Bingham of Reconstruction was a politician who needed to be more cautious to retain his majority. This is consistent with the man who supported the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 initially because he thought that was where public opinion in Ohio was, even though privately he wrote letters saying that the Act was horrific. Such is politics.
Posted
6:45 PM
by Gerard N. Magliocca [link]
John Brown of Harpers Ferry fame became aware of the Act, writing to his wife "It now seems the fugitive slave law was to be the means of making more abolitionists than all the lectures we have had for years. It really looks as if God had his hand in this wickedness also." ("'Fire from the Midst of You' A Religious Life of John Brown" by Louis A. DeCaro, Jr. New York University Press (2002), page 187). DeCaro states (page 188): "Rather than be upset by the bad news [the Act], John Brown saw the handwriting on the wall and believed it was Providential script."
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Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023)
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Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022)
Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021).
Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021).
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Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006)
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Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005)
Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004)
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