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Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Why Would An Inferior Court Judge Ever Cite Dred Scott?
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Tuesday, March 27, 2007
Why Would An Inferior Court Judge Ever Cite Dred Scott?
JB
Brad DeLong thinks I've made a mistake in logic:
Comments:
If one follows DeLong to his "reductio" conclusion, then it must also be per se improper ever to cite to a dissent -- or arguably even a concurrence.
Clearly that is not correct.
On the contrary, at times it is permissible to cite only the dissent: we cite Holmes today, not MacReynolds.
Statements like "the D.C. Circuit is an inferior court that looks first and foremost to the decisions of higher courts for guidance. The court above it is the U.S. Supreme Court, so this is the first place the D.C. Circuit would be expected to look for authority..." appear to me to be willfully obtuse. The D.C. circuit looks to a selected subset of Supreme Court opinions, concurrences, and dissents chosen according to a set of practices that are obscure to me. If Professor Balkin has a theory as to why a case that was an unsuccessful right-wing attempt at a constitutional moment--to replace structural-political protections of slavery with legal-formal protections woven out of whole cloth--should have precedental value today, let's hear it. If not, not.
Nat, nothing in what I've said suggests that one has to adopt a strongly hierarchical view of legal sources. Silberman cited to lots of sources in his opinion to demostrate that the Second Amendment protected an individual right. But he also cited to language in Dred Scott, and the reason he did so is that it is one of the two S.Ct. opinions remotely close to the issue at hand, even if it is dicta.
Lower courts cite to dicta by higher courts all the time for guidance, in part because they are dicta by higher courts. They don't have to accept dicta as binding, but lower courts do think it important to note what higher courts have said. In this case, the language in Dred Scott confirms the assumption that by the middle of the 19th century it was accepted that the right to bear arms was an individual right. If this were any case but Dred Scott, nobody would make much of a lower court citing to language in a Supreme Court opinion, other than to point out that the language was dicta. But in this case, because the language comes from Dred Scott, the assumption is that the claim is likely to be wrong because Dred Scott is evil and wrong and so everything in it must be equally evil and wrong. I think the latter assumption is just silly.
McReynolds wrote U.S. v. Miller w/o dissent. In fact, he also wrote Meyer/Pierce ... Holmes dissented. We cite the majority. I dare say he wrote other opinions worthy of citation as well.
Nat, I am only an amateur scholar on the case, but as I recall, an actual scholar, Don Fehrenbacher, suggested Taney really had every right to address all the matters addressed below (or on the plea of abatement ... whatever the proper term might be). I don't know if trying to find some pearls of wisdom in the ruling is useful though. It is an interesting academic exercise. It also might be of minor interest if the citation, such as rights of gun possession in federal territory, is barely covered in other rulings. It is a bit much in fact to ignore that on the issue of "the Constitution follows the flag" Taney is actually on sounder ground than others who disagree, in fact in regard to actual current doctrine, just because of a blindspot on the slave issue. Are we to treat other rulings with some pro-slavery implications similiarly? I have my doubts.
Are we to treat other rulings with some pro-slavery implications similiarly? I have my doubts.
As an example, take Ableman v. Booth. That case held that state laws could not nullify federal ones. In this particular case, the law at issue was the Fugitive Slave Law. However, appalling the facts might be, I see no reason to doubt that Ableman is good law. That's perhaps too easy, since Ableman could be cited for its direct holding, while Dred Scott would more likely be cited for dicta (as it was by Silberman). From my perspective as a litigator, I doubt that such dicta could ever supply enough value to justify the cite.
One of the paradoxes of Dred Scott is that it says that you really get a bundle of important rights if you're a US citizen (which was, inferentially, one of the reasons that blacks could not ascend to that hallowed status); among these rights was the right to bear arms. Ironically, once blacks did become citizens, after 1866, the Supreme Court adopted a decidedly dessicated notion of the "privileges or immunities of United States citizenship" in the Slaughterhouse Cases. Is this a mere coincidence? Isn't Slaughterhouse, as Pamela Brandwein has argued, also a case that must be understood through a racialist filter, so that the majority of the Court adopts a more "Johnsonian" view of what counted as "mission accomplished" re the slaughter of 2% of the US population than a Lincolnian account that would emphasize a genuinely "new birth of freedom" for all, including a robust set of constitutional rights for newly-freed (but still widely despised by the white southerners still in contol) former slaves.
It is, frankly, a scandal that the Dred Scott opinion is not more widely taught and seriously grappled with (whether for the Garrisonian view of the Constitution or the meaning of US citizenship) and is instead treated as almost literally unmentionable in polite company.
It is, frankly, a scandal that the Dred Scott opinion is not more widely taught and seriously grappled with (whether for the Garrisonian view of the Constitution or the meaning of US citizenship) and is instead treated as almost literally unmentionable in polite company.
Perhaps we've reached the point where Con Law ought to be a two year class. Of course, I also think we've reached that point for US history in high school. Instead, teachers at both levels have to make increasingly more difficult choices regarding what to emphasize. Eventually, all the students get is disembodied facts. Isn't Slaughterhouse, as Pamela Brandwein has argued, also a case that must be understood through a racialist filter Absolutely. Truth is, a great many cases before and after the Civil War must be viewed through a racialist filter; Southern concerns about race implicated all aspects of Supreme Court decision-making. But Slaughterhouse seems conspicuous in that regard, as much so as Reese or Cruikshank, at least.
Yes, MF, that probably works.
I was also thinking about Taney's "follow the flag" sentiment, so to speak, and how the liberal view in the Insular Cases partially used his sentiments. I wonder ... I have this idea he would find some way to differentiate territories dominated by non-whites.
I was also thinking about Taney's "follow the flag" sentiment, so to speak, and how the liberal view in the Insular Cases partially used his sentiments. I wonder ... I have this idea he would find some way to differentiate territories dominated by non-whites.
Interestingly, the Taney court held, unanimously, that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo incorporated Mexicans (non-white, at least in those days) as citizens of the US. US v. Richie, 58 US 525 (1855). Of course, you have to read that in the context of Dred Scott's distinction between US citizenship (very limited rights) and state citizenship (most rights).
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Books by Balkinization Bloggers Jack M. Balkin, Memory and Authority: The Uses of History in Constitutional Interpretation (Yale University Press, 2024) Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin’s Press, 2022) Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020) Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020). Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020) Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020) Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020) Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019) Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018) Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018) Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011) Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011) Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011) Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011) Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011) Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010) Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010) Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010) Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010) Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009) Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009) Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009) Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009) Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008) David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007) Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007) Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007) Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006) Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |