Balkinization   |
Balkinization
Balkinization Symposiums: A Continuing List                                                                E-mail: Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Distinguishing Law From Ideology in Judicial Decisions
|
Wednesday, December 06, 2006
Distinguishing Law From Ideology in Judicial Decisions
Brian Tamanaha
In response to my recent post warning against Judge Posner’s pragmatic adjudication, a number of readers defended Posner as merely being honest about the reality that judging is substantially political. This assertion is supported by personal testimony and reference to various studies of judicial decision-making. Given this reality, Posner’s urging that judges should strive to achieve the most reasonable result (all things considered) merely brings into the open what judges are already doing.
Comments:
Professor Tamanaha: The high degree of unanimity of appellate decisions suggests that most judges, whether liberal or conservative, are CBs consciously striving to find the strongest legal answer (if they were CEOs, agreement would be lower).
I don't think that follows; it might be the effect of the law simply being clear, ala your statement, "Second, CEO is not able to achieve ends with total disregard for conventional legal understandings because the decisions must be legally plausible and have the external appearance of being rule bound." Professor Tamanaha: The significant point is that CB judges are rule bound in the only way humanly possible—that is, by consciously striving to decide according to the strongest legal answer. This seems an overly contextualized use of "rule bound." Even the CEO are rule bound; but their rules come less from "The Law", coming more, perhaps, from religion, politics, whatever, but from rule sets nonetheless. Professor Tamanaha: Judge Posner’s pragmatic adjudicators, to return to the previous post, reason more like CEOs (though with greater candor) than like CBs. Concerns above notwithstanding, yes! Professor Tamanaha: This thought experiment suggests that the issue can be framed in a more refined way that distinguishes those judges who strive to come to the strongest legal answer from those judges who are more result oriented. I would offer that the difference is not one of type (best legal answer v results) but rather one of degree (results of putting faith in rule of law first v. results of putting faith in [political party, pet policy goals, &c] first). This is similar to the way I look at the main problem pointed to by the title of your book, "Law as a Means to an End." The problem isn't that the law has become utilitarian, it was always meant to serve a purpose. The problem is that purpose has less and less to do with the Preamble of our Constitution, more and more to do with shareholder return and political power, with the blame going to "pragmatists" like Judge Posner. Professor Tamanaha: Although politics will have an effect on both groups of judges, it will be limited in the former to the level of politics that is unavoidable. Which should be the goal. I suspect even Judge Posner would agree with those words. The trick is who gets to decide how much is unavoidable? Judge Posner, if reports are correct, would seem to be saying, "There's not much unavoidable, so don't sweat it." You would seem to be saying, "Minimize that aspect at every opportunity." I side with you. Professor Tamanaha: ...judges must decide cases with a conscious commitment to follow the law. Amen!
It is worth noting that "Sunstein's study finds that some areas of law are much more political than others.
In the areas of federalism, criminal appeals, and takings of private property, there are no meaningful differences between Republican and Democratic appointees. This is particularly notable given that about half of all appeals are criminal appeals in which there are no meaningful partisan differences, to a great extent because there is so much case law to bind judges. In the areas of affirmative action, campaign finance, sex discrimination, sexual harassment, piercing the corporate veil, disability discrimination, race discrimination and review of environmental regulations the liberal-conservative trends generally hold true. On the issues of abortion and the death penalty, there is a strong Republican v. Democratic appointee split, but judges tend to not be influenced by the composition of the three judge panel making the decision in their voting patterns. These are the most partisan issues. The breakdown of issues is particularly relevant because it shows why federal courts tend to be more partisan, separate and apart from the appointment process. Public law issues, the environment and civil rights are a much larger share of the federal docket than they are of the state docket. Also while many assumptions made above are reasonable, ignoring panel effects may not be. As the abstract to Sunstein's article notes: "[P]anel composition has a strong effect on likely outcomes[.]" To use the terminology of the post above, many judges who behave like CBs in a panel of mixed partisanship, will behave like CEOs on a panel of uniform partisanship. This implies that the best way to achieve rule bound judging may be to give political minorities a greater say in judicial appointments.
I'd like to offer a suggested explanation of Professor Tamanaha's opinions regarding Posner's pragmatism, as follows:
"We are now in a position to ask why the American mainstream, typified by Dworkin, has rejected the English solution of “frank” recognition that the judge is willy-nilly a legislator when the “law runs out.” It seems to me that the answer is that… the admission would threaten to delegitimate “too much” of American law... Crudely put, the liberal dilemma is as follows: The main vehicle of liberal reform in the United States since World War II has been the judiciary, and the judiciary, with the exception of a brief period in the mid-1960s, has consistently implemented reform against, rather than in collaboration with, state and federal legislative majorities. It is not surprising that a project of liberal… legal theory is to show that this judicial contribution to the substance of both private and public law is democratically legitimate because it furthers the rule of law, rather than merely legislating judicially. But, as Gary Peller and William Eskridge have suggested, the liberal critique of conservative legal formalism, from Holmes through legal realism, extended by critical legal studies, has dramatically undermined academic faith in the possibility of judicial neutrality in hard cases… Existentially, liberals with passionate commitments to specific judicial reforms, particularly in the areas of race and gender, have an interest in believing that these decisions were legally as well as politically and morally correct. If the judges “shouldn’t have” or “couldn’t legitimately” do these things, if the decisions were judicial legislation, then we “should have” gone on with the regime of de jure racial segregation until the gerrymandered state legislatures decided to abolish it in response to majority sentiment… It has been obvious to liberal legal theorists, I speculate, that as present and potential rulers through the courts, they have an interest in the ability of the courts to command obedience and induce changes in moral sentiments. Any explanation of why the Warren Court did the right thing that accepts a strong form of the realist and postrealist critique of judicial legislation makes the people seem like dupes of legal mumbo jumbo that is just a mask for the imposition of the liberal ideological agenda. Such an explanation is not a good explanation. It is not good because it delegitimates this form of liberal political power for the future, while unilaterally abandoning the demand for judicial neutrality as a means of keeping today’s conservative judges and left-fringe activists in check." – Duncan Kennedy, A Critique of Adjudication, pp. 113-115.
This was a fantastic article. Really loved reading your we blog post. The information was very informative and helpful...
Cara mengobati kanker dengan herbal, Cara mengobati kanker dengan tradisional, Cara mengobati kanker dengan alami, Cara mengobati kanker dengan cepat, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 3, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 4, Cara mengobati kanker stadium awal, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 2, Cara mengobati kanker stadium akhir, Cara mengobati kanker tanpa ke dokter, Gambar obat kanker yang ampuh, Gambar obat kanker yang ampuh, Obat kanker ampuh dengan singkong, Cara mengobati kanker stadium awal tanpa operasi, Obat kanker manjur dari tumbuhan, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 1 tanpa operasi, Obat kanker ampuh dengan daun sirsak, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 2 tanpa operasi, Obat kanker paling mujarab yang efektif, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 3 tanpa operasi, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 3, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 4 tanpa operasi, Obat kanker paling manjur 2016, Cara mengobati kanker stadium akhir tanpa operasi, Pengobatan kanker mujarab tanpa operasi, Cara pengobatan kanker yang manjur, Pengobatan kanker manjur dan aman, Cara pengobatan kanker yang mujarab, Cara pengobatan kanker tanpa operasi, Cara pengobatan kanker yang ampuh, Obat kanker mujarab tanpa operasi, Obat kanker manjur tanpa operasi, Obat De Nature
obat herbal mengobati kanker serviks stadium 3
obat alami untuk mencegah kanker serviks obat medis untuk kanker serviks wwwobat kanker serviks obat vaksin kanker serviks obat untuk mengatasi kanker serviks Tumbuhan untuk obat kanker serviks Obat untuk menyembuhkan kanker serviks obat untuk penderita kanker serviks obat tradisional untuk kanker serviks obat utk kanker serviks obat untuk kanker serviks obat tradisional utk kanker serviks sirsak obat kanker serviks obat sakit kanker serviks hello world obat untuk kanker rahim stadium 3 obat herbal kanker rahim stadium 4 obat kanker rahim stadium 1 1 Obat kanker rahim stadium 2 Obat penyakit herpes kelamin pria
obat herpes ampuh
obat herpes kulit kumpulan tips obat herpes apa obat herpes biar cepat kering obat buat herpes genital obat herpes genital wanita obat herpes kulit alami obat herpes mujarab obat herpes pada mulut obat herpes resep dokter obat herpes tumbuhan obat tradisional herpes genital
obat umum kanker serviks herbal
obat kanker serviks menurut dokter Obat herbal kanker serviks pada umumnya Obat tradisional kanker serviks paten obat tradisional kanker serviks manjur obat tradisional kanker serviks mujarab obat tradisional kanker serviks ampuh obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal ampuh obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal mujarab obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal paten Obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal manjur obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal spesial obat kanker serviks manjur herbal khusus obat kanker serviks manjur herbal khusus wanita obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal ampuh Obat kanker serviks manjur herbal khusus umum obat tradisional kanker serviks herbal obat herpes herbal alamiah obat herbal tradisonal herpes genital ampuh Obat herbal alamiah herpes genital
Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari
Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari Obat herbal herpes genital manjuur sembuh 2 hari obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur
Obat kanker serviks manujur di youtube
obat kanker serviks manjur facebook obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manju Obat herpes genital manjur Obat herpes genital manujur di youtube Obat kanker dan herpes di twitter obat herpes genital manjur facebook
obat kanker serviks tradisional jawa
obat kanker serviks tradisional jawa sumatera Obat kanker serviks tradisional sumatera Obat kanker serviks tradisional kalimantan obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal jawa obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal jawa sumatera obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal sumatera obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku pedalaman obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku pedalaman sumatra Obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku jawa obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal s obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku minang obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku sunda Obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku irian obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku dayak obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku kubu obat tradisional kanker serviks suku obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku bugis obat herbal herpes genital dompo obat herbal herpes genital dompo simplex
Obat tradisional buat kutil kelamin
Beli obat kutil kelamin Obat salep buat kutil kelamin Obat cina kutil kelamin Cuka obat kutil kelamin Obat cina untuk kutil kelamin Obat cina penghilang kutil kelamin Obat china untuk kutil kelamin Obat herpes cepat kering Obat herpes cepat Obat herpes cacar ular Obat herpes cream Obat herpes.com Obat herpes china Obat cacar herpes Obat herpes paling cepat Obat herpes yang cepat Obat luka herpes cepat kering Pengobatan cepat herpes Obat wasir ambeien herbal Pengobatan wasir ambeien tanpa operasi Obat untuk ambeien dan wasir Obat wasir dan ambeien manjur di obatwasir.biz hafizah Obat herbal wasir dan ambeyen Obat alami wasir dan ambeien
Obat menyembuhkan kutil kelamin
Obat tradisional menyembuhkan kutil kelamin Obat minum untuk kutil kelamin Obat medis untuk kutil kelamin Obat kutil kelamin DE NATURE Merek obat kutil kelamin Obat kutil kelamin de nature Nama obat kutil kelamin Nama salep obat kutil kelamin Obat kutil kelamin tanpa operasi Obat oles untuk kutil kelamin Obat kutil di alat kelamin pria Obat untuk kutil pada kelamin Obat tradisional kutil pada kelamin Obat penyakit kutil kelamin Obat penghilang kutil kelamin Obat perontok kutil kelamin Obat tradisional kutil kelamin pada pria Obat untuk penyakit kutil kelamin Propolis untuk obat kutil kelamin Obat alami untuk penyakit kutil kelamin Obat kutil pd kelamin Resep obat kutil kelamin Obat anti sifilis Obat sipilis dijual di apotik Obat sipilis murah di apotik Obat alami sipilis pada pria Obat sifilis ampuh
Obat sifilis apotik
Post a Comment
Obat sipilis beli di apotik Obat sipilis buat wanita Obat sipilis buatan sendiri Obat sipilis bagi wanita Obat buat sipilis Obat biotik sifilis Obat antibiotik buat sipilis Obat tradisional buat sipilis Obat herbal buat sipilis Obat dokter buat sipilis Obat generik buat sipilis Obat sipilis dengan bayam duri Obat sipilis yang bagus Obat buat sifilis Obat sipilis.com Obat sipilis ciprofloxacin Obat china sipilis obat kutil kelamin dan leher obat alami menghilangkan kutil kelamin obat tradisional untuk menghilangkan kutil kelamin kumpulan obat kutil kelamin obat tradisional kutil kelamin obat penyakit kutil kelamin obat tradisional untuk kutil kelamin
|
Books by Balkinization Bloggers Linda C. McClain and Aziza Ahmed, The Routledge Companion to Gender and COVID-19 (Routledge, 2024) David Pozen, The Constitution of the War on Drugs (Oxford University Press, 2024) Jack M. Balkin, Memory and Authority: The Uses of History in Constitutional Interpretation (Yale University Press, 2024) Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin’s Press, 2022) Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020) Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020). Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020) Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020) Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020) Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019) Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018) Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018) Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011) Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011) Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011) Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011) Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011) Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010) Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010) Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010) Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010) Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009) Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009) Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009) Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009) Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008) David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007) Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007) Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007) Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006) Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |