Balkinization |
Balkinization
Balkinization Symposiums: A Continuing List E-mail: Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahman sabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb
|
Tuesday, October 10, 2006
Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb
Anonymous I am amazed that scenarios such as the “ticking time bomb” (TTB) continue to be influential in the public debate over torture and interrogation. Kim Scheppele, who posts here, has a fine article tearing this scenario apart in “Hypothetical Torture in the ‘War on Terrorism’” to be published soon in the Journal of National Security Law & Policy. What disturbs me is the moral shallowness of this particular scenario. Defined in a common sense way, torture involves deliberate cruelty and, as such, should be absolutely prohibited. I haven’t followed the blogosphere debate in detail, and I certainly hope I am not repeating anyone’s arguments in what follows. I noticed that Judge Richard Posner’s recently published book, Not a Suicide Pact (Oxford Press, 2006), relies on the TTB. If nothing else, Posner is well read, and thus if he uses the TTB without qualification it is likely there is not yet a set of well-known objections. Posner begins his discussion of torture (in a chapter on “Rights Against Brutal Interrogation”) by employing a consequentialist calculus: “The value of the information sought depends in part on the menace to social welfare that has motivated the interrogation. If it is dire enough and the value of the information great enough, only a die-hard civil libertarian will deny the propriety of using a high degree of coercion to elicit the information. It might be the whereabouts of a kidnapping victim, the location of a ticking time bomb, the site of a biological weapon about to be deployed, the identity of key terrorist leaders, or the details of terrorist plots.” Posner’s subject is constitutional rights, not morality. But it is not only the “civil libertarian” who is interested in assuring humane treatment but everyone concerned with doing right and upholding basic moral values. Posner then asserts that torture is often effective (more effective than other justifiable forms of interrogation), without any detailed review of the evidence (for an example of a detailed review, see Kim’s article). Posner thinks the ground of objection to torture is “revulsion” alone. He makes the useful comment that we should not confuse torture as a routine practice of dictators “with torture as an exceptional method of counterterrorist interrogation.” But he thinks public opinion is against torture: “Public efforts at justifying torture are doomed in the present climate of opinion. . .” Posner comments: “In the era of weapons of mass destruction, torture may sometimes be the only means of averting the death of thousands, even millions, of Americans. In such a situation it would be the moral and political duty of the president to authorize torture. It seems odd that people who accept this point nevertheless denounce torture with such ferocity.” Posner thus relies explicitly on the TTB and similar scenarios. In understanding what is wrong with the TTB, we would do well to remind ourselves that it is a fantasy, and a fairly insidious one at that, judged by its ubiquity. The TTB is not a historical episode that we can examine in all its complexity and, as far as I know, nothing like it has ever happened (I am assuming that the TTB scenario involves a terrorist attack intended to kill at least thousands of people and is thus not about an “ordinary crime”). Instead, it is a hypothetical designed to score moral and policy points. That it has apparently scored so many is a disturbing testament to the lack of moral imagination in current public debate. For one is allowed, I believe, to counter fantastic hypotheticals with other hypotheticals. In a democracy, I do not think we should ask our fellow citizens to sacrifice themselves or their principles for the public good unless we are, at least in principle, prepared to do the same. We may not be capable of serving in the military, but we should understand what that means before we ask our fellow citizens to fight for us. One of the signal characteristics of the TTB is that it treats the interrogators and their agency, their principles, as a black box. Who they are is unknown. But we should not assume “democracy for us, dictatorship for the interrogators.” The interrogators are our fellow citizens, part of our democracy, and it would be wrong to ask them to do something we were not prepared to do ourselves. Thus the democratic implication of the TTB is that we must steel ourselves to do something that is very unpleasant, but necessary. So let us imagine ourselves in the interrogation room with the suspect. Evidence collected from his apartment certainly seems to indicate that he has knowledge of a looming terrorist attack, but he is begging for mercy. Too bad, isn’t it? All we have done is deprive him of sleep and clothing. And it is a bit cold. Unfortunately, he may be scared and cold, but he hasn’t given us one scrap of useful information. And we’re under some time pressure. Your superior has an idea. For better cover, the suspect was living with his family, a wife and young daughter. We’re detaining them in another room. The evidence seems to show the suspect cares for them. Perhaps if we brought them into the room? Your superior warns you to steel yourself for what comes next. Perhaps the suspect will respond to mere threats that they might be put to death in front of him. If threats are not enough, however, we must be prepared to do the worst. Of course, in some cultures there are acts regarded as worse than death. Your superior looks at you. Do you understand what he is talking about? Of course you do. You are experienced in the ways of the TTB, of doing what is necessary to elicit information under the terrible pressure of a deadline. I really hope I don’t have to elaborate further this fantastic scenario of moral corruption. Our popular culture is full of faux scenarios of torture and cruelty. Just check out your local video rental store. What’s amazing about the TTB is that it is taken to be “real,” a serious matter for public debate. But it’s no more real than my scenario, a Tom Clancy novel of military adventure or a superhero comic. The TTB counts on eliciting a certain sort of response. Of course, “the president would have to authorize torture” to prevent millions from dying. But surely it puts a slightly different spin on the situation to imagine that you are the one responsible for making sure the interrogation is effective. And you will have to live with the consequences if you turn out to be wrong. What wouldn’t you do to prevent millions from dying? Well, I wouldn’t engage in torture, child abuse, murder, rape and a whole long list of morally corrupt acts. And I’m willing to bet you wouldn’t either. Scenarios like the TTB are well designed to cloud our reason and judgment. For that reason, we should avoid them and concentrate on the ways in which we can realistically prevent terrorist attacks. I almost forgot. After you finish following orders and torturing the suspect, it turns out he really didn’t know anything. That’s the way almost all of these scenarios end, isn’t it? Posted 10:21 AM by Anonymous [link]
Comments:
Professor Griffin: Posner begins his discussion of torture (in a chapter on “Rights Against Brutal Interrogation”) by employing a consequentialist calculus.
This reflects the ascendancy of so-called economic analysis, in which any argument appearing to be a cost-benefit analysis is credited as conclusive. But like the failures of Marx in his equation of capitalism (somehow Marx's equation only ever yields a positive result for the capitalist) so too Judge Posner here is juggling variables without regard for the possibility of dividing by zero. The cost-benefit analysis in the TTB hypothetical must be offset by the cost-benefit analysis, non-hypothetical but instead based in thousands of years of tragic human history, of sacrificing principle to expediency. Note, however, that Judge Posner tries to close that door with the semantically charged "die-hard civil libertarian" phrase, as if this somehow eradicates the very real moral, social and political costs of unjust government practices.
I'm a lawyer from Argentina and I have heard the tickin bomb scenario in the lips of those who defend the Argentine military regime that resulted in 30.000 "desaparecidos" or missing citizens. For me, it puts the current policital debate in the US in a clear perspective.
Here is the link for the journal. Kim Scheppele's article can be downloaded as a PDF, and the other articles look interesting too...
McGeorge School of Law (UOP) -- Vol. 1 2005 No. 2 JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW & POLICY http://www.mcgeorge.edu/jnslp/ Symposium: Fighting Terrorism with Torture: Where To Draw the Line? * Hypothetical Torture in the "War on Terrorism" by Kim Lane Scheppele http://www.mcgeorge.edu/jnslp/media/01-02/04%20Scheppele%20Master%20c.pdf Symposium: Lawyers’ Roles and the War on Terror
It's critical to keep our moral sense distinct from our political calculi. From a moral point of view, no utilitarian calculus (Bentham and Mill, notwithstanding) can serve as a moral determinant. It may, however, serve as a political calculation; indeed, democratic majoritarianism by its nature is a political utilitarian calculus.
Rightly, no cruelty can ever be morally justified. But politically, one encounters the "lesser of two evils" as part of the human condition. War and the TTB are but two cases. Thus, while war and torture are never morally right, self-defense and defense of innocents may be politically expedient, even necessary, even if the ends do not justify the means. The utilitarian moralist cleverly creates a false morality by conflating these disparate aspects. Who would not harm one to save a hundred, ten, even two? Then, the utilitarian shifts the politically expedient to the moral necessity, as one must act to benefit the most, even if it harms others. Then it insists the two were the same moral dynamic and thus a moral justification. As most moral philosophers remind us: The utilitarian calculus can lead to the "justification" of slavery, holoccausts, gulags, purges, or any other attrocity wherein "the greatest good for the greatest number" is a "moral" or political determinant. Yet, these very states of affairs violate our moral sense, so this conflation of moral and political into the same sphere is obviously wrong. Rather than conflate the two, we must insist on their separation. Similarly, as much as we deplore the thought that serious harms may ever be justified politically -- that we must choose between the lesser of two evils -- the human condition forces this unpalatable fact upon us. But clearly it's morally and intellectually preferred to choose between the lesser of evils, than using some calculus to guarantee that an intrinsic evil is morally right. Choosing to make any evil, even the lesser of two evils, politically expedient (and I stress "may"), does not make an evil morally right. It is still evil. Sadly, too many people despise this human state of affairs -- of being put in the uncomfortable situation of choosing netween two evils, that they use utilitarian calculi as their casuistry toward moral justification. Once they make this move, then all sorts of moral evils metamorphize into moral "goods." Indeed, whatever the majority commands becomes morally right. Whatever the "greatest good for the greatest number" (the utilitarian calculus) accomplishes, it does not determine moral outcomes or the moral value of any act. It may provide the basis of political expediency, it may help in choosing between the lesser of two evils, but it never determines what is morally right to do. Most moral philosophers get this. Most ordinary souls sense it. Yet the casuistry is too appealing, and often too appalling, to allow us to make this shift a feature of our moral landscape. Better to admit that some of our choices are between two or more evils, than to color an evil as "good." The utilitarian is always confident of making some intrinsic evil morally good, and the sooner and oftener we prevent this sophistry the better.
We could also borrow the framework of First Amendment prior restraint:
Just as we never (or only hypothetically) suppress speech harmful to national security, but reserve the right to punish it after the fact (i.e., the Pentagon Papers case), we could also keep TTB torture as a prohibited offense but reserve the right to excuse the "Jack Bauer" torturer after the fact. The could be done via a special jury verdict (similar to capital punishment verdicts) or by executive pardon.
Stephen,
Your have written a compelling response to the Ticking Time Bomb Scenario. The TTB is used to score rhetorical points, and to justify heinous conduct. However, although I fully agree with your argument, and am absolutely against torture, I wonder whether there is a response that better acknowledges and meets the intuitive appeal of the scenario. In order to do this, one must accept the basic premises of the TTB scenario (recognizing that it is unrealistic and stacked and faulty in many ways). When working through this issue, I have wondered what I would do if my young daughter was abducted and held captive in an undisclosed location by a bad guy. If I happened to get my hands on that guy, how far would I be willing to go to find out where my daughter was being held? Time and again, my honest answer was that I would do whatever it takes, including inflicting severe pain and permanent bodily injury, if necessary, to get this information from the bad guy. If I am willing to do that, then it must be acknowledged that there are situations in which torture would be considered even by those opposed to torture (assuming other opponents share my position). Although there are big differences between these scenarios, the TTB scenario intuitively works the same way: by placing on the scales an extraordinarily compelling cause that outweighs the normal absolute ban against torture. Now comes the key difference with TTB and how it is being used by proponents of torture. The people who invoke TTB want to whitewash their conduct, making it legal and moral, and ordering someone else to do it. In my scenario, in contrast, I did what I did directly, with my own hands, and I would not claim that it was either legal or morally justified. My actions--imagine the worst--were evil. But I did it because I felt it was absolutely necessary, given the stakes. I broke the law and should be punished. If Bush Administration officials approached the issue the same way--that is, they would have to do it with their own hands and they would thereafter suffer the legal punishment--they would not be pushing for torture. And if that is indeed the case, it demonstrates the lie perpetuated by the TTB scenario. Brian
Just as we never (or only hypothetically) suppress speech harmful to national security, but reserve the right to punish it after the fact (i.e., the Pentagon Papers case), we could also keep TTB torture as a prohibited offense but reserve the right to excuse the "Jack Bauer" torturer after the fact.
The law already provides for this with the defense of duress/necessity. See US v. Bailey, 444 US 394, 100 S.Ct. 624 (1980).
I blogged the "TTB" almost two years ago now. Here's my response to the comic book and "24" aficionados that want to change the laws. Just remember, dear friends, that the question here is not what is to be done in such a scenario as the "TTB". It's what should our policy be, and what should our laws be. I think we're perfectly capable and able to deal with the "TTB" scenario appropriately no matter what our laws are. It's what's happening in Guantánamo, Abu Ghraib, and "undisclosed locations" that is truly the concern, and that's what we need to discuss. Posner doesn't want to do that, and invents fictions to pontificate on from the lofty realms of academia.
Cheers,
Please find below a link to the blog about a motion to dismiss of Padilla for outrageous government conduct. Padilla asserts he was tortured. TTB is for fantasy worlds. This is real. And, as if it makes a difference, it is an American alleging torture by Americans on American soil.
http://sdfla.blogspot.com/2006/10/update-on-padilla-motion-to-dismiss.html#links Best, Ben
Just because you're smarter than I, doesn't mean I can't call you a schmuck.
Yeah, I'm looking at you, Posner. Cf also http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/10/10/a-paean-to-the-opinions-of-the-prolific-judge-posner/ where I note our intrepid hero's desire to turn back the civil-liberties clock by fifty years. Why anyone listens to the man escapes me.
Yes. The problem with the TTB scenario and other so-called justifications of is that they are so riddled with hypotheticals.
It is my understanding that if the goal is to extract useful information, torture is not the way to go. A little bit of stress may indeed be useful, but the fact of being interviewed at all (and having been captured/arrested at all) is enough right there. It is very well known that the way in which torture is effective is, it terrorizes persons and populations. And anyway, is it not our freedoms, including freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial, that we are supposed to be fighting for? If not, then we might as well let our 'enemies' take over and be done with questions of human rights, freedom, and so on! (Yes, I realize that we're probably just using 'freedom' to dress up a less pleasant truth.) Thanks for letting me vituperate.
Thanks for the links Charles G.; the first one supplies a list of articles, including one by Sandy Levinson, on the topic.
I second the "schmuck" comment. I will spare a link, but I voiced my sentiments on his criticisms of the 911 Comm. Report. He NYT piece on the press also left something to be desired. The remarks here on his reasoning process are generous in that they ignore the possibility ... fairly normal in judges ... of largely unspoken assumptions that make things a lot more "obvious" than they truly are. His economic analysis approach has a Spock-like flavor at time, underlining intelligence (and he has that, and deserves some kudos as a liberal lawyer who spent time in front of him noted elsewhere) is not the same thing as wisdom. On Padilla, Glenn Greenwald has a good/shocking piece on his treatment. A must read really.
The Journal of International Criminal Justice
Bad Torture — Good Torture?. As with discussions of the "logic" of those who oppose abortion 'as murder' except in cases of rape or incest, the point is not to resolve conflicts absolutely but to understand them. Read Dworkin on "respect." In a similar case: Q- What man has the right to send another to his death to save the live of 3 others? A- A military officer. The reasoning of the military is not absolute logic but the logic of social stability. The Military is run on a system of taboos. No fraternization etc. Intellectually quaint but practical. Torture should not be legalized, but there are situations where it will be done. And perhaps the person who does it should be punished even when it works. The Syrians had a technique for the ticking bomb scenario. Give the man who knows where the bomb is a cell phone. "Call your mother." At the mother's house, a man picks up the phone. Don't try to resolve every god damn contradiction. That's a liberals absurdity. Understand your own absurdity. Then look at others'
D. Ghirlandaio:
Torture should not be legalized, but there are situations where it will be done. And perhaps the person who does it should be punished even when it works. That is precisely what I've been saying for quite some time now. See my link above. I have yet to see anyone come up with a reasonable counter. The hypothetical millions are saved, and our legal system remains intact. There's (at least) two unstated assumptions in the pro-"TTB" argument, outside of the question of whether torture is indeed effective): That people will only torture in a "TTB" scenario if they're legally immunized, and that any such legal immunization will only be used for the extreme "TTB" situation. I'd note that the first is probably not true, and as to the second, none of the pro-torture proponents are arguing for a "torture for TTBs only" law, but rather for a more general law allowing or excusing torture under far more 'debatable' circumstances (i.e., the MCA bill) ... and in the process, writing out any kind of independent review of the operation of the law in practise. Cheers,
Not to get excessively academic, but one ought also to distinguish between morality and ethics just as I've distinguished utilitarianism as a political, not an ethical or moral, calculus. In our lives, obviously, they all interact, but as species of examination, they are categorically distinct.
Sometime in the Seventies, moral philosophers shifted from the "rational moral schemes" toward the interpersonal. It dawned on many that the dictates of reason (say, Kant's) is too demanding, too impersonal, and lacking contextuality, while utilitarianism (a calculus) leads to exorable consequences. At the same time, evolutionary biology (and later psychology) picked up the same perspective. Whatever our ethical and moral issues, at core, they must reflect our biological human nature. Our language reflects this change of focus. Nearly every post here uses intuition or something similar to express the moral sense. The apotheosis of reason, Rawl's "veil of ignorance," the categorical imperative, the utilitarian calculus may be instrumental in developing our moral sense, but it is our moral intuition that operates, not some rigid rationality. Brian Tamanaha's example of his daughter has not been ignored, but rather has been behind this shift in focus. The absurd notion that I must care about equally some unkown individual in some far off country as a family member I know and love just is absurd. Sentimental humanism aside, our moral intuitions change as the individuals and contexts change, and the closer to home they come, the more significant our intuitions change. If an Iraqi thief kills another Iraqi in the commission of his crime, or if my mother is killed by a next-door neighbor, which is more likely to influence my moral sense? (The question is obvious and simply rhetorical.) As obvious as this difference is, moral philosophers used to discount this (Utilitarian Peter Singer still does.) But it just is not human to apply the same moral intuition to those close to us and those worlds away. It might be noble, even rational, or it could be just as obviously absurd. Biologists Trivers and Hamilton (along with Sober and others) demonstrate that kin are more important in our altruism than some stranger across the street -- much less across the globe. Our altruism has a genetic profile and is colored by kin relations. The same dynamic applies to injustice. As much as I lament Jose Padilla's situation, if it were my brother, I'd be doing more -- far more -- than what I am doing for Padilla. A spouse or beloved would only intensify the interest and my redress of grievances. Still, my intuition tells me that if Padilla can be wronged "in our system" then too I can be wronged, and so his case has my interest and revulsion, but if he were family, I'd up the ante significantly. This is where "sympathy" or empathy enters our moral sense, a critical feature, but attenuated by distance. The artifice of TTB, therefore, is clever for the rogue, but it has little correspondence to our moral intuitions in practice. Creating a dire situation in abstract is not how we function, nor much reflective of real life, although it may fine-tune some intuitions. As other writers have observed, TTB is a diversion or entrapment to justify what we morally know is wrong. Creulty can never be morally justified, and dressing it up in a utilitarian calculus only exposes the flaws of utilitarianism as a moral scheme, when at best, it is a political calculation (and not always the best or most reliable). But as Richard Posner, no intellectual slouch, demonstrates, the artifice is seductive -- dangerously seductive. But however it is dressed, is still immoral. It violates our moral sense and intuition. Not even "reason" can argue against that.
> [...] But surely it puts a slightly
> different spin on the situation to imagine > that you are the one responsible for > making sure the interrogation is > effective. And you will have to live with > the consequences if you turn out to be > wrong. [...] This is what sets apart academics who talk and theorize, versus grunts who actually carryout the work. You personally may be unable to make such choices, but thankfully there exist non-pansy folks looking after safety who are willing to answer your rhetorical question with "yes, if necessary".
geoffk: yes, "might" works both ways.
There exist points though, when one must take a stand despite the uncertainty: make an educated judgement, estimate likelihoods, and take action.
All of the moral revulsion to torture, and especially all of that in the TTB scenario which involves the purposeful torture of one individual assumes that torture is a fate worse than death.
Is it? I think that despite the appeal or the non-appeal of torture, I think we all understand the moral equivocation of total and limited war. That is to say we more readily accept in these political times the real death of non-combatants as collateral damage, or as accepted damage. My memory may be faulty, but I cannot recall such moral outrage over the battle known as Second Fallujah in which certainly innocents remaining in town were killed after recieving orders to leave the city. The moral outrage of Abu Graibh was much more pronounced. And we clearly know that perfidious combatants encountered on the field of battle can be shot on sight. Mercenaries, under Geneva, are not afforded the protections of soldiers in uniform. If there are conditions which a life can be taken in the moral context of war, how can it be that torture The answer, it seems to me, is that there are 1000 ways in which that which goes by the name of torture can be preferable to death, and likely another 1000 worse than death. If there is ever a case in which torture in the context of war is not a fate worse than death, this is a question of enumeration, so long as killing is acceptable in the context of war. TTB as exemplified gratuitously is not. The problem is not solved compeltely.
It seems to me that until you define what torture is, you have no point. How can you be opposed to something that you have not even defined? How can you definitively say that you would not do something when you haven't even said what that something is?
Would you define pinching someone as torture? Would you refuse to pinch someone to try to elicit information from them? Until you define what torture is, your words are full of sound and fury signifying nothing.
No wonder you're breathless after such hyperventilation.
The only connection this post has with reality is the word 'torture', and only then because you and your political fellows have so consistently misapplied it! Shooting detainee's children?! You're living in a fantasy world.
Alan Dershowitz, when arguing for "torture warrants," also used the TTB scenario. In 2002, William Schultz, the executive director of Amnesty International, said the following in his critique:
To see more clearly the shoals upon which the "torture warrant" flounders, consider this. There is no doubt that despite official efforts to eradicate it, police brutality is practiced in many US jurisdictions and probably always will be. Some police officers will claim, in their more candid moments, that the use of excessive force is often the only way to protect the lives of officers and the general public. Why ought the police not be able, therefore, to apply for "brutality warrants" in specialized cases? Why ought police officers who believe that a little shaving of the truth on the witness stand is worth sending a bunch of drug pushers to prison, thus protecting hundreds of youngsters from a life of drugs and crime, not be able to seek "'testilying' warrants"? Why ought correctional officers who argue that allowing dominant male prisoners to rape other prisoners helps preserve order among thugs and thus protects the lives of guards not be allowed to seek "warrants to tolerate prisoner rape" in particularly dangerous situations? The answer in all cases is the same: because the act itself (brutalizing citizens; committing perjury; facilitating rape) is itself abhorrent and illegal. Dershowitz's analogy to search warrants fails because, while a particular search may itself be illegal, the act of searching is not ipso facto unethical or a crime. For a society to start providing its imprimatur to criminal acts because they are common or may appear to provide a shortcut to admirable ends is an invitation to chaos. A piece about this from 2004 might be useful for those who are unclear about "the definition of torture." It also shows how the hypothetically neat TTB scenario is not likely to translate well into reality: The ticking bomb scenario assumes a situation where the authorities know the about a plotted crime, but still don't know enough to begin an effective investigation. Somehow, we are supposed to believe that there might be a situation where authorities have certain knowledge of a terrorist's guilt without knowing exactly of what he's guilty. In this case, the authorities know who with certainty (the terrorist leader they have in custody), they know what (a series of bombs set to go off around the city), they know when (within the next twenty-four hours), but they don't know exactly where. Does it seem realistic that they would know who, what and when, but not where? Wouldn't the same source of the information about the who, what and when not also know at least some specific locations of the bombs and some other possible ones? It seems unlikely that one would have information in such detail without knowing more than this scenario allows. Even in the scenario as given, we are told that the bombs are planted in some undisclosed apartment buildings throughout the city. With so little time, the authorities' efforts might be better spent evacuating any potential target in order to save lives. Torturing the suspect won't help get people out of apartment buildings.
Online Drugstore
Women's Health Men's Health buy effexor Zyban Online no prescription pharmacy BUY EXELON Buy geriforte Buy geriforte no prescription pharmacy Buy Actos Canadian Pharmacy buy amaryl no prescription buy Zelnorm glucophage Online no prescription pharmacy BUY ABANA Buy geriforte Buy geriforte no prescription pharmacy Buy Actos Canadian Pharmacy buy casodex no prescription buy melatonin allegra buy online allegra buy buy zyban Buy generic zyban online
Buy paxil without prescription
risperdal generic buy Buy geriforte Buy geriforte no prescription pharmacy Buy Zelnorm buy Arimidex Amaryl Online buy ambien online no prescription
I have to say, wow. Wow to you for composing only the best of both worlds, my style of creativity and imagination with your exquisite composition skills :)
It is really been a delightful experience to observe your work for a minute. Whether you're here just promoting your stuff or not, I still feel as thought you should most definitely mass produce this and really give the world a chance in really indulging their minds with the taste of your writings! -Thanks valium
Interesting information on "Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb" This theme serves to educate people in their daily life, thanks to people like you we have more knowledge about this important issue, and I want to read an article about Dinero Online because I need to start a business
Hello, interesting to read this. i also get knowledge from your post.Wonderful article, very well explained.
College Research Papers
Pretty good post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed reading your blog posts.
Advantage Custom Writing – We do it your way
Hello .. firstly I would like to send greetings to all readers. After this, I recognize the content so interesting about this article. For me personally I liked all the information. I would like to know of cases like this more often. In my personal experience, I really enjoyed reading about Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb", I think that this Is a very professional information, and I would like to know if you know something about eco vacation costa rica
This is my first time i visit here. I found so many entertaining stuff in your blog, especially its discussion. From the tons of comments on your articles, I guess I am not the only one having all the leisure here! Keep up the good work. I have been meaning to write something like this on my website and you have given me an idea. Jadwal Piala Dunia
thanks so much i like very so much your post
حلي الاوريو الفطر الهندي صور تورتة حلى قهوه طريقة عمل السينابون طريقة عمل بلح الشام بيتزا هت كيكة الزبادي حلا سهل صور كيك عجينة العشر دقائق طريقة عمل الدونات طريقة عمل البان كيك طريقة عمل الكنافة طريقة عمل البسبوسة طريقة عمل الكيك طريقة عمل عجينة البيتزا فوائد القرفه
I like the helpful information you provide in your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and check again here frequently. I’m quite certain I will learn plenty of new stuff right here! Best of luck for the next!
Gambar Desain Dapur Modern Terbaru 2015 | Gambar Model Dapur Minimalis Terbaru 2015 | Contoh Wallpaper Ruang Tamu Minimalis
bikin kemeja kantor murah
wow so amazed read this article,i cant imagine when the bomb is in front of me :(((
Tempatbet.com merupakan situs Agen Bola Terpercaya dan Taruhan Bola Online dimana anda bisa membuka acount betting dengan berbagai variasi permainan Judi Bola Online yang lengkap dan menarik dengan tingkat keamanan dan kenyamanan yang maksimal, pelayanan cepat dan memuaskan, serta bantuan costumer service yang selalu siaga 24 jam/hari melalui contact di bawah ini
Contact Support BBM 753F938F YM agentaruhan1 Telp/SMS +6288276816728 FB https://www.facebook.com/tempatbet Segera Kunjungi situs terbaik kami di http://ligatop.net/ http://tempatbet.com/
This is my initial time i visit here. I found numerous entertaining stuff in your journal, particularly its discussion. From the loads of comments on your articles, i suppose i'm not the sole one having all the leisure here! sustain the nice work. I actually have been aiming to write one thing like this on my web site and you've got given American state a thought. Agen Bola
Good article. thank you for showing it to us. It seems that the church looks very nice. Maybe someday I'll come visit with family while on vacation. thank you brother
Informasi Terlengkap Seputar Kontes SEO, Poker Online, Domino QQ Dan Agen Bola Terpercaya Info Poker Online Indonesia http://infopoker.tulisan.web.id/qiuqiu99-com/ Dewa Poker Indonesia/ http://gudangseopoker.blogspot.com/2015/07/qiuqiu99.com.html
izin share ya gan, silahkan kunjungi :
http://obatkelenjartiroid.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatkelenjartiroid.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatkatarak.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatkelenjargetahbening.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatamandel.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatgondok.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatkolesterol.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatbatuginjal.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatherpes.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatkista1.utamakansehat.com/ http://obattbc1.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatradangsendi1.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatbenjolandipayudara1.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatgulabasah.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatinfeksitelinga.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatpenyakithernia.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatasamurat.utamakansehat.com/ http://obatgagalginjal.utamakansehat.com/ http://obattumor.utamakansehat.com/ http://carapemesananacemaxs.utamakansehat.com/ http://pengobatanwasir.utamakansehat.com/ http://obattumorpayudara.utamakansehat.com/
This was a fantastic article. Really loved reading your we blog post. The information was very informative and helpful...
Cara mengobati kanker dengan herbal, Cara mengobati kanker dengan tradisional, Cara mengobati kanker dengan alami, Cara mengobati kanker dengan cepat, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 3, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 4, Cara mengobati kanker stadium awal, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 2, Cara mengobati kanker stadium akhir, Cara mengobati kanker tanpa ke dokter, Gambar obat kanker yang ampuh, Gambar obat kanker yang ampuh, Obat kanker ampuh dengan singkong, Cara mengobati kanker stadium awal tanpa operasi, Obat kanker manjur dari tumbuhan, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 1 tanpa operasi, Obat kanker ampuh dengan daun sirsak, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 2 tanpa operasi, Obat kanker paling mujarab yang efektif, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 3 tanpa operasi, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 3, Cara mengobati kanker stadium 4 tanpa operasi, Obat kanker paling manjur 2016, Cara mengobati kanker stadium akhir tanpa operasi, Pengobatan kanker mujarab tanpa operasi, Cara pengobatan kanker yang manjur, Pengobatan kanker manjur dan aman, Cara pengobatan kanker yang mujarab, Cara pengobatan kanker tanpa operasi, Cara pengobatan kanker yang ampuh, Obat kanker mujarab tanpa operasi, Obat kanker manjur tanpa operasi, Obat De Nature
This was a fantastic article. Really loved reading your we blog post. The information was very informative and helpful...
Obat Ambeien Dalam Obat Ambeien Tradisional Cina Obat Ambeien Ardium Obat Ambeien Herbal Yang Ampuh Obat Ambeien Salep Obat Ambeien Ibu Menyusui Obat Ambeien Untuk Anak Obat Ambeien Apotik Obat Ambeien Ambeclear Obat Wasir Yang Murah dan Ampuh Obat Ambeien Secara Alami Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir Obat Ambeien 3 Hari Tuntas | Cara Mengobati Wasir
obat herbal mengobati kanker serviks stadium 3
obat alami untuk mencegah kanker serviks obat medis untuk kanker serviks wwwobat kanker serviks obat vaksin kanker serviks obat untuk mengatasi kanker serviks Tumbuhan untuk obat kanker serviks Obat untuk menyembuhkan kanker serviks obat untuk penderita kanker serviks obat tradisional untuk kanker serviks obat utk kanker serviks obat untuk kanker serviks obat tradisional utk kanker serviks sirsak obat kanker serviks obat sakit kanker serviks hello world obat untuk kanker rahim stadium 3 obat herbal kanker rahim stadium 4 obat kanker rahim stadium 1 1 Obat kanker rahim stadium 2 Obat penyakit herpes kelamin pria
obat herpes ampuh
obat herpes kulit kumpulan tips obat herpes apa obat herpes biar cepat kering obat buat herpes genital obat herpes genital wanita obat herpes kulit alami obat herpes mujarab obat herpes pada mulut obat herpes resep dokter obat herpes tumbuhan obat tradisional herpes genital
Obat generik buat sipilis
Obat sipilis dengan bayam duri Obat sipilis yang bagus Obat china sipilis Cara obat sipilis di apotik Cara obat sipilis pada pria Cari obat sipilis Contoh obat sipilis http://agusus1.blogspot.com/ http://agusyafii.blogspot.com/ http://amateursexxxx.blogspot.co.id/ Obat sipilis Obat kutil kelamin obat wasirhttp://oplosanobatkutilkelamin.blogspot.com/ http://www.smaboy.com/u/obatkutil http://tinyblogs.net/u/obatkutil/ http://tinyblogs.net/u/obatkutil/ http://obatkutil.blogszino.com/ http://obatkutil.over-blog.com/ http://obatkutilkelamin-tradisional.jimdo.com/ http://www.lautanindonesia.com/blog/obatkutilkelamindanjenggerayam/ http://obatkutilmanjur.weebly.com/ http://obatkutilampuh.livejournal.com/ http://obatkutilkelamintradisional123.blogdetik.com/ http://obatkutil12345.edublogs.org/ http://pengobatankutil.blog.planetbiru.com/ http://obatkutil.freeblog.biz/ http://batkutil.blog.com/
Obat generik buat sipilis
Obat sipilis dengan bayam duri Obat sipilis yang bagus Obat china sipilis Cara obat sipilis di apotik Cara obat sipilis pada pria Cari obat sipilis Contoh obat sipilis http://agusus1.blogspot.com/ http://agusyafii.blogspot.com/ http://amateursexxxx.blogspot.co.id/ Obat sipilis Obat kutil kelamin obat wasirhttp://oplosanobatkutilkelamin.blogspot.com/ http://www.smaboy.com/u/obatkutil http://tinyblogs.net/u/obatkutil/ http://tinyblogs.net/u/obatkutil/ http://obatkutil.blogszino.com/ http://obatkutil.over-blog.com/ http://obatkutilkelamin-tradisional.jimdo.com/ http://www.lautanindonesia.com/blog/obatkutilkelamindanjenggerayam/ http://obatkutilmanjur.weebly.com/ http://obatkutilampuh.livejournal.com/ http://obatkutilkelamintradisional123.blogdetik.com/ http://obatkutil12345.edublogs.org/ http://pengobatankutil.blog.planetbiru.com/ http://obatkutil.freeblog.biz/ http://batkutil.blog.com/
Obat kanker serviks manjur
obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur تنظيف منازل بالطائف شركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة A شركة تسليك مجارى بالمدينة المنورة شركة نقل اثاث بالمدينة المنورة شركة كشف تسربات بالمدينة المنورة شركة تسليك مجارى بجدة شركة مكافحة حشرات بجدة شركة نظافة عامة بجدة شركة نقل اثاث بجدة شركة كشف تسربات بجدة شركة تسليك مجارى بالدمام شركة تنظيف مسابح بالدمام شركة تنظيف موكيت بالدمام شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام شركة كشف تسربات بالدمام شركة نظافة عامة بالدمام شركة نقل اثاث بالدمام شركة تسليك مجارى بالرياض تخزين اثاث بالرياض كشف تسربات بالرياض مكافحة حشرات بالرياض نقل اثاث بالرياض تنظيف بخميس مشيط تنظيف بالطائف رش مبيدات بجازان تسليك مجارى بجازان نظافة بالجوف
obat gonore apa
obat alternatif gonore obat gonore yang ampuh obat gonore yg ampuh obat gonore yang paling ampuh obat gonore yang dijual di apotik obat buat gonore obat bakteri gonore obat paten penyakit gonore obat herbal untuk penyakit gonore obat antibiotik untuk penyakit gonore obat tradisional untuk penyakit gonore resep obat gonore ramuan obat gonore obat sakit gonore obat suntik gonore obat untuk sakit gonore supertetra obat gonore obat alami sembuhkan gonore obat gonore tradisional obat gonore terbaik obat gonore terbaru obat gonore tangerang Obat herpes tradisional yang ampuh Obat herpes zoster Obat herpes kulit Obat herpes simplex Obat herpes genital Obat herpes di apotik Obat herpes kulit di apotik
Obat herpes genital di apotik
Obat herpes untuk bayi Obat herpes untuk ibu hamil Obat herpes ampuh Obat herpes untuk anak Obat herpes mulut Pengobatan herbal kutil kelamin wanita pengobatan ampuh kutil kelamin pada wanita obat kutil kelamin yang ada di apotik obat kutil kelamin yg dijual di apotik obat kutil di kemaluan wanita pengobatan kutil kelamin pada pria pengobatan penyakit kutil kelamin pada pria obat penyakit kutil pada kelamin pria Pengobatan kutil kelamin aman dan tanpa operasi obat kutil pada alat kelamin pria pengobatan kutil kelamin pengobatan kutil kelamin pada pria dan wanita pengobatan kutil kelamin pria pengobatan kutil kelamin wanita pengobatan kutil kelamin dengan cuka apel pengobatan kutil kelamin di anus Cara mengobati kutil di kelamin wanita hamil pengobatan kutil kelamin di bandung Cara mengobati jengger ayam dan kutil kelamin obat kutil kelamin Obat wasir herbal tanpa operasi Obat wasir herbal stadium 4 tanpa operasi Cara mengobati wasir dan ambeien
obat herbal tradisonal herpes genital ampuh
Obat herbal alamiah herpes genital Obat tradisional herpes genital manjur obat tradisional herpes genital ampuh obat tradisional herpes genital paten obat herbal tradisional herpes genital ampuh obat herbal tradisional herpes genital obat tradisional herpes genital terbukti manjur Obat herbal tradisional herpes genital paten obat tradisional herpes genital terbukti obat herbal tradisional herpes genital obat herbal tradisional herpes genital manjur obat herbal tradisional herpes genital obat herbal tradisional herpes genital obat herbal tradisional herpes genital obat tradisional herpes genital herbal manjur obat herbal tradisional herpes genital obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur obat kanker serviks manjur
Obat kanker serviks manujur di youtube
obat kanker serviks manjur facebook obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manjur obat herpes genital manju Obat herpes genital manjur Obat herpes genital manujur di youtube Obat kanker dan herpes di twitter obat herpes genital manjur facebook
obat kanker serviks tradisional jawa
obat kanker serviks tradisional jawa sumatera Obat kanker serviks tradisional sumatera Obat kanker serviks tradisional kalimantan obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal jawa obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal jawa sumatera obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal sumatera obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku pedalaman obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku pedalaman sumatra Obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku jawa obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal s obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku minang obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku sunda Obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku irian obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku dayak obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku kubu obat tradisional kanker serviks suku obat kanker serviks tradisional herbal suku bugis obat herbal herpes genital dompo obat herbal herpes genital dompo simplex
Obat kanker serviks
Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks Obat kanker serviks
obat gonore ibu hamil
obat gonore untuk ibu hamil obat gonore untuk wanita hamil harga obat gonore obat injeksi gonore obat kutil kelamin yang ada di apotik obat kutil kelamin yg dijual di apotik obat kutil di kemaluan wanita pengobatan kutil kelamin pada pria pengobatan penyakit kutil kelamin pada pria obat penyakit kutil pada kelamin pria Pengobatan kutil kelamin aman dan tanpa operasi obat kutil pada alat kelamin pria pengobatan kutil kelamin pengobatan kutil kelamin pada pria dan wanita pengobatan kutil kelamin pria pengobatan kutil kelamin wanita pengobatan kutil kelamin dengan cuka apel pengobatan kutil kelamin di anus Cara mengobati kutil di kelamin wanita hamil pengobatan kutil kelamin di bandung obat kutil kelamin obat kutil kelamin di apotik obat kutil kelamin tradisional obat kutil kelamin wanita
obat kutil kelamin pada pria
obat kutil kelamin apotik obat kutil kelamin murah obat kutil kelamin de nature obat kutil kelamin untuk ibu hamil obat kutil kelamin dokter Cara mengobati jengger ayam dan kutil kelamin Obat untuk kutil kelamin pada wanita Pengobatan kutil pada kelamin pria Ciri ciri kutil kelamin dan obatnya Cara mengobati wasir dengan cepat Cara mengobati wasir dengan propolis Cara mengobati wasir tanpa obat Cara mengobati wasir yang sudah parah Cara mengobati wasir berdarah secara alami Cara mengobati wasir luar secara alami Cara mengobati wasir dengan lidah buaya Cara mengobati wasir setelah melahirkan Cara mengobati wasir luar tanpa operasi Cara mengobati wasir alami Cara mengobati wasir akut Cara mengobati wasir atau ambeyen Cara mengobati wasir/ambeyen Cara mengobati wasir atau ambien Cara mengobati wasir/ambien Cara mengobati wasir yang alami Cara mengobati penyakit wasir ambeyen
obat herbal kutil kelamin
obat alami untuk menghilangkan kutil kelamin obat alami kutil kelamin Obat kencing nanah pria Obat kencing nanah dan darah Obat kencing nanah apotik Obat kencing nanah antibiotik Obat kencing nanah amoxicillin Obat kencing nanah apa Obat kencing nanah apa ya Obat kencing nanah atau gonore Obat kencing nanah akut Obat kencing nanah ada di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotik umum Obat kencing nanah paling ampuh Obat kencing nanah yang ampuh Obat kencing nanah secara alami Obat kencing nanah bandung Obat kencing nanah buatan sendiri Obat kencing nanah yang bisa dibeli di apotik Obat herbal untuk mengobati kencing nanah Obat kencing nanah paling bagus Obat kencing nanah yang bisa dibeli di apotek Obat kencing nanah di apotik bebas Obat kencing nanah yang dijual bebas شركة الريان للتنظيف شركة تسليك مجاري بالدمام شركة تنظيف بالدمام شركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة شركات كشف تسربات المياه بجده شركة تنظيف بالدمام شركة تسليك مجاري بجدة شركة الريان للتنظيف شركة تسليك مجاري بالدمام شركة تنظيف بالدمام شركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة شركات كشف تسربات المياه بجده شركة تنظيف بالدمام شركة تسليك مجاري بجدة شركة الريان للتنظيف شركة تسليك مجاري بالدمام شركة تنظيف بالدمام شركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة شركات كشف تسربات المياه بجده شركة تنظيف بالدمام شركة تسليك مجاري بجدة Hi There This Is Kinda Of Off Topic But I Was Wondering If Blogs Use WYSIWYG Editors Or If You Have To Manually Code With HTML. I'm Starting A Blog Soon But Have No Coding Know-how So I Wanted To Get Advice From Someone With Experience. Any Help Would Be Enormously Appreciated! judi bola 5starhoroscopes.com http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/ ابراج اليوم ماغي فرح الابراج اليوم برجك اليوم الابراج والحب الابراج حظك اليوم
new Product of Idcash78 :
sportbook : Sbobet http://idcash78.com/sbobet/ Ibcbet http://idcash78.com/ibcbet/ 368bet http://idcash78.com/368bet/ Casino Online Sbobet Casino 338a http://idcash78.com/sbobet-casino/ Asia8bet http://idcash78.com/asia8bet/ Ioncasino http://idcash78.com/ioncasino/ Guavita http://idcash78.com/guavita/ Poker : Asiapoker77 http://idcash78.com/asiapoker77/ Bola tangkas : Tangkasnet http://idcash78.com/tangkasnet/ Togel : Klik4D http://idcash78.com/klik4d/
This is a great inspiring article.agen casino I am pretty much pleased with your good work.You put really very helpful informationpoker online thailand. Keep it up. Keep blogging. Looking to reading your next post.bandar ceme
ceme onlinethank you for sharing the information,casino online, I really liked your article, and I agree about what you wrote in this article .poker thailand.
bandar ceme online This is really a nice and informative, containing all information and also has a great impact on the new technology. poker onlineThanks for sharing it,
http://ow.ly/Y9pUA bandarQQ this is realy a nice Info, thankyou
Welcome To: - http://ow.ly/Y9ntb - http://ow.ly/Y9nvp - http://ow.ly/Y9nFk - http://ow.ly/Y9nGR
Welcome To:
- href='http://ow.ly/Y9ntb' - href='http://ow.ly/Y9nvp' - href='http://ow.ly/Y9nFk' - href='http://ow.ly/Y9nGR'
http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post94.html
http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post91.html http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post89.html http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post90.htmls http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post88.html http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post87.html http://www.5starhoroscopes.com/2015/11/blog-post96.html
http://988bet.net , http://mitra303.com , http://isinpoker.com , http://vbopoker.com , http://vbpoker.com , http://koi4d.com , http://gadingpoker.com , http://transbet88.com
Im thinking to start playing online poker, saw that website, seems to be a good place ... judi online | taruhan bola online
Absolutely fantastic posting! Lots of useful information and inspiration, both of which we all need!Relay appreciate your work capsa online | agen poker
Post a Comment
|
Books by Balkinization Bloggers Linda C. McClain and Aziza Ahmed, The Routledge Companion to Gender and COVID-19 (Routledge, 2024) David Pozen, The Constitution of the War on Drugs (Oxford University Press, 2024) Jack M. Balkin, Memory and Authority: The Uses of History in Constitutional Interpretation (Yale University Press, 2024) Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin’s Press, 2022) Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020) Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020). Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020) Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020) Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020) Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019) Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018) Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018) Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011) Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011) Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011) Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011) Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011) Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010) Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010) Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010) Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010) Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009) Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009) Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009) Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009) Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008) David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007) Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007) Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007) Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006) Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |