Balkinization |
Balkinization
Balkinization Symposiums: A Continuing List E-mail: Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahman sabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Heather MacDonald's Dubious Counter-"Narrative" on Torture
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Tuesday, January 11, 2005
Heather MacDonald's Dubious Counter-"Narrative" on Torture
Marty Lederman Over in Slate, Mickey Kaus refers to a new article in the City Journal by Heather MacDonald as the “best defense of the administration’s record on torture” that he’s yet read. MacDonald argues that the atrocities at Abu Ghraib and other abuses in U.S. detention facilities in Iraq and Afghanistan (including, apparently, murders) are not the result of Administration interrogation policies; that the Office of Legal Counsel’s legal justifications for extremely coercive interrogation techniques bordering on torture have had no effect on the Pentagon’s interrogation policies; and that the military’s current interrogation practices are, in fact, far too timid and cautious—the result of a hidebound legalist culture within the government and of an inaccurate “torture narrative” promoted by “self-professed guardians of humanitarianism” (e.g., the Red Cross and Amnesty International) who “need to come back to earth.” MacDonald’s account is, I think, suspiciously evasive on the facts and the law, as I’ll explain below. At the outset, however, it’s important to note that MacDonald is absolutely correct in one very important respect—involving the role of the CIA. In a series of posts that I published here a few days ago (see below), I attempted to demonstrate that the infamous August 2002 OLC Memo on torture was not originally intended as a guide to interrogations conducted by the U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq, Afghanistan, or Guantanamo. The 2002 memo deals exclusively with the federal torture statute—but the Armed Forces are bound by legal rules much more restrictive than those imposed by the torture statute, including the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the President’s directive that all detainees be treated humanely, and article 16 of the Convention Against Torture, which in effect prohibits treatment that would “shock the conscience,” and thus violate the Due Process Clause, if it had occurred within the U.S. The purpose of the 2002 OLC Torture memo, I explained, was instead to identify the legal limits on interrogation that the CIA may use against suspected Al Qaeda operatives at locations outside U.S. jurisdiction. The Administration apparently has concluded (perhaps not without reason) that numerous other statutory, executive and treaty-based restrictions on coercive interrogation and inhumane treatment do not apply to such CIA interrogations outside U.S. jurisdiction—so that if a technique does not amount to “torture” under the very narrow statutory definition, it is not off-limits to the Agency. In other words, even if a particular inhumane or cruel technique would be unlawful if performed by the military, or would be unconstitutional if performed by the CIA within the U.S., OLC apparently has concluded that the CIA nevertheless may use that technique upon suspected Al Qaeda detainees outside U.S. jurisdiction as long as it does not amount to statutory “torture.” The 2002 OLC Opinion bent over backward to construe the federal torture statute as narrowly as possible. A recent, superseding OLC memo on the torture statute, released at the end of December 2004, improves on the 2002 memo in numerous ways, and even goes so far as to repudiate many of the central, most extreme conclusions of that earlier memo. Notably, however, the new memo reassures the CIA, in a footnote, that despite all these changes and repudiations, OLC has “reviewed this Office's prior opinions addressing issues involving treatment of detainees and do not believe that any of their conclusions would be different under the standards set forth in this memorandum." That is to say, the new OLC Opinion, even with its much more reasonable views of the torture statute, appears not to affect in any significant way the techniques the CIA has already been specifically authorized to use. And the Administration has concealed from the public (and perhaps also from the Congress) the extreme, sometimes inhumane forms of interrogation—just short of the strict statutory standard of “torture”—that the CIA presumably is authorized to use upon detainees overseas. In his confirmation hearing last week, Judge Gonzales claimed that he has no “specific recollection” whether it was the CIA that asked for OLC’s legal advice on the meaning of the torture statute. That claim is increasingly implausible. MacDonald’s article and another new piece in Time Magazine confirm what others have been reporting since last summer—namely, that the White House Counsel request for OLC advice was prompted by a CIA request concerning “how far interrogators could go” against high-value Al Qaeda detainees, such as Abu Zubaydah. (I’ve tried to demonstrate in my earlier posts that this is the only way to explain the OLC memos—that there would have been no reason for OLC to be answering the narrow questions concerning the torture statute if the request had come from, e.g., the Pentagon, which was bound by much stricter requirements.) As the Time Magazine article notes, however, as long as the Administration is not more forthcoming, “it remains impossible to know what rules the CIA is following when it conducts interrogations in ‘undisclosed locations’ outside the U.S.” What we do know is that the Administration appears to have strenuously, and successfully, resisted all efforts—including two recent bills that the Senate passed unanimously—to require the CIA to refrain from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees. And, according to “a former Justice Department official” cited in MacDonald’s article, the CIA apparently has been authorized to use techniques as extreme as water-boarding, i.e., submerging a detainee in water to induce the sensation of drowning. Beyond that, as MacDonald notes, “[t]he CIA’s behavior remains a black box.” In her article, MacDonald agrees that the 2002 OLC Memo was “hair-raising,” and “understandably caused widespread alarm.” She argues, however, that the OLC Memo “had nothing to do” with the interrogation “debates and experiments unfolding among Pentagon interrogators in Afghanistan and Cuba,” and had no connection to the abuses at Abu Ghraib, or to the extreme methods of military interrogation that have been alleged at Guantanamo and elsewhere. MacDonald further argues that, in contrast to the CIA, Pentagon officials have not come close to violating the law; that the military’s techniques have been “light years from real torture”; that the interrogation policies in Cuba and Afghanistan are “irrelevant” to what happened in Abu Ghraib; and that, in fact, the Armed Forces have been unduly hamstrung by a culture of legalism that is an unfortunate byproduct of “fanatically cautious” Pentagon lawyers steeped in the outmoded ways of the Geneva Conventions. This version of the story appears to be selective, at best. As noted above, I agree with MacDonald that the 2002 OLC Memo likely was not intended to affect interrogation policies in the military. But she is wrong to insinuate that the Pentagon was unaware of the OLC Memo, and to argue that the Memo had no effect on Pentagon policies and practices. Although I assume the Memo was originally intended for use by the CIA, the White House soon forwarded it to the Department of Defense, where huge portions of it were incorporated virtually verbatim in the DoD Working Group Report on Guantanamo interrogation techniques in early 2003 (even though the statute discussed in the OLC Memo did not even apply at Guantanamo during the period in question). Most notably, the Pentagon adopted wholesale the most indefensible and most dangerous portions of the OLC Memo—where OLC concocted unlikely criminal defenses of “necessity,” “defense of nation,” and “presidential authority,” and where OLC argued that criminal laws restricting methods of interrogation are unconstitutional to the extent they impinge upon the President’s decisions of “what methods to use to best prevail against the enemy.” Armed with these OLC assurances of virtually no legal exposure, the DoD Working Group itself concluded that these techniques were among those that are lawful under the restrictive laws governing military interrogations: placing a hood over detainees during questioning; 20-hour interrogations; four days of sleep deprivation; forced nudity to create a “feeling of helplessness and dependence”; increasing “anxiety” through the use of dogs; quick, glancing slaps to the face or stomach; and the threat of transfer to another nation that might subject the detainee to torture or death. In December 2002, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld likewise approved a whole series of new interrogation techniques that are difficult to explain in terms of the law governing the military. Perhaps because such techniques were so obviously close to or over the legal line, Rumsfeld rescinded that approval after only six weeks. MacDonald is correct that in April 2003, Secretary Rumsfeld declined to approve of some of the more coercive techniques. What’s not as certain is her further argument that the non-conventional “stress” techniques Rumsfeld did finally approve were “innocuous interventions.” Those techniques included “environmental manipulation” (such as “adjusting” the temperature or introducing an “unpleasant smell” in the interrogation area); convincing a detainee that individuals from a country other than the United States are interrogating him (including from a nation that the detainee knows is more likely to engage in harsh treatment); and isolating the detainee from other detainees for up to 30 days. Presumably each of these techniques is, in Rumsfeld’s view, “humane,” does not shock the conscience, and does not violate the UCMJ (including its prohibitions on cruelty, oppression, maltreatment, assaults and threats). Perhaps his judgments on those questions are legally sound as an abstract matter—that is to say, perhaps these techniques could be applied in conformity with all applicable laws that apply to the military. But when it comes to how Rumsfeld’s directives were (apparently) implemented, it becomes clear that those directives were hardly “innocuous.” MacDonald asserts that the new techniques Rumsfeld approved were used on only one GTMO detainee. The Schlesinger Report states that the new, more coercive Rumsfeld techniques were used upon two detainees at GTMO. If these accounts are accurate, then perhaps the attempt to trace harsh techniques to Pentagon-approved policies really is a tempest in a teapot (unlike what is happening at the CIA). But MacDonald’s minimalist account is not consistent with other recent reporting. According to this recent New York Times story, for instance, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/01/national/01gitmo.html?oref=login, the Rumsfeld-approved techniques apparently transmogrified in practice into the following at GTMO: -- prolonged sleep deprivation; -- shackling prisoners in uncomfortable positions for many hours (to the point where one detainee who had been shackled overnight in a hot cell soiled himself and pulled out tufts of hair in misery); -- tormenting prisoners by chaining them to a low chair for hours with bright flashing lights in their eyes and audio tapes of Lil' Kim, Rage Against the Machine and Eminem played loudly next to their ears (or in some cases a tape mix of babies crying and the television commercial for Meow Mix in which the jingle consists of repetition of the word "meow"); -- and, in at least one case, tranquilizing a detainee, placing him in sensory deprivation garb with blackened goggles, hustling him aboard a plane that was supposedly taking him to the Middle East, and bringing him (unknowingly) back to GITMO, where he was put in an isolation cell and there subjected to harsh interrogation procedures that he was encouraged to believe were being conducted by Egyptian national security operatives. Are these techniques “light years from real torture,” as MacDonald suggests? More to the point, are they lawful? To the extent military officers approved or implemented these forms of coercive interrogation, it is difficult to see how they avoided violating legal restrictions such as those in the UCMJ, article 16 of the CAT, and the President’s directive that detainees be treated “humanely.” Notably, MacDonald herself does not explain how these techniques—or even those approved by Rumsfeld—might be consistent with the law. Indeed, she fails even to mention the UCMJ, even though, as Senator Graham indicated last week, it is the longstanding set of legal norms that establishes the most comprehensive and demanding set of restrictions on the conduct of military personnel engaged in interrogation. To my knowledge, DoD has never hinted that the UCMJ is inapplicable at Guantanamo, and has not asked Congress to loosen UCMJ standards so that the military may apply previously unlawful forms of coercion to Al Qaeda detainees. Is MacDonald asking for a legislative authorization that even the Administration has been unwilling to propose? There's no way to know, because her piece blithely disregards any discussion of what the current law might actually be. Finally, there’s MacDonald’s eye-opening suggestion that the interrogation policy debates at GTMO and in Afghanistan are “irrelevant” to what occurred at Abu Ghraib, and that Abu Ghraib had little or nothing to do with the Administration’s interrogation policies (or with interrogation at all). The best that can be said for this argument is that perhaps MacDonald simply has not read the Schlesinger, Jones and Fay Reports, because chapter and verse of those reports undermine her account. The reports explain in detail that the interrogators at Guantanamo, and the conflicting and confusing set of directives from the Pentagon for GTMO, “circulated” freely to Afghanistan and then to Iraq (Schlesinger 9). Lieutenant General Sanchez, the commander of the Combined Joint Task Force in Iraq, approved techniques going beyond those approved for GTMO, “using reasoning” from the President’s February 7, 2002 directive on unlawful combatants (id. at 10). The “existence of confusing and inconsistent interrogation technique policies,” including a “proliferation of guidance and information from other theatres of operation,” and the fact that personnel involved in interrogation in GTMO and Afghanistan “were called upon to establish and conduct interrogation operations in Abu Ghraib,” all contributed “to the belief that additional interrogation techniques were condoned in order to gain intelligence” (Jones 15-16; Fay 8, 10, 22). “The lines of authority and the prior legal opinions blurred” (Fay 10), and “DoD’s development of multiple policies on interrogation operations for use in different theatres or operations confused Army and civilian Interrogators at Abu Ghraib” (Fay Finding No. 7). Most importantly for present purposes, the Fay Report demonstrates that the extreme techniques that have been approved for the CIA, based upon OLC legal advice, have had an inevitable deleterious impact on the interrogation methods employed by the military (including at Abu Ghraib), even though the military is in theory subject to much more restrictive legal rules, such as the UCMJ. “CIA detention and interrogation practices [in Iraq] led to a loss of accountability, abuse, reduced interagency cooperation, and an unhealthy mystique that further poisoned the atmosphere at Abu Ghraib” (pp. 52-53). The CIA practices and techniques led to a “perception” that such techniques and practices “were suitable and authorized for DoD operations” (pp. 118-119). MacDonald would have us believe that the now-familiar story of the inevitable “migration” of extreme practices from the CIA and from GTMO to our troops in Asia is a myth. Notably, however, she provides no evidence to contradict the accounts in the Schlesinger, Jones and Fay Reports, which demonstrate that such migration was all-too-real. "[T]he events at Abu Ghraib cannot be understood in a vacuum" (Jones/Fay Executive Summary). Finally, it is worth noting MacDonald’s principal prescription, which is that we ought to eliminate transparency in the law of interrogation: If U.S.-approved techniques are publicly known, she reasons, “interrogators have lost the ability to create the uncertainty vital to getting terrorist information.” The problem, writes MacDonald, is that we have reassured the world of “our limits,” whereas interrogations would be much more effective if detainees thought we were a lawless state, willing to do just about anything to get information (sort of like Jack Bauer on “24”)-- or, at the very least, if detainees had no idea what our interrogators' limits are. This is very much of a piece with the Government’s chilling (but refreshingly candid) argument in Padilla that it was necessary to deny the defendant access to counsel in order to convince Padilla that he was completely outside the protection of the judicial system—that no process was due and that all hope was lost—in order to establish what the Government euphemistically called the “delicate” relationship of “trust” and “dependency” between detainee and interrogator. As an empirical matter, of course, MacDonald may well be correct: If someone is being interrogated by a nation with secret laws, by a nation that refuses to assure the world that it will abide by its treaty obligations, by a nation with a system of interrogation rules and practices wholly outside the purview of democratic deliberation, public accountability and judicial review, no doubt such an interrogation would be more effective than one that is bound by acknowledged legal limits. Which just goes to show that what MacDonald is really complaining about is that we must, even in interrogation, adhere to the rule of law—an understandable concern in an essay that does not even bother to discuss what the law of interrogation actually is. Posted 1:47 PM by Marty Lederman [link]
Comments:
Josh Marshall and Maureen Dowd addressed some of MacDonald's key points...last May:
http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/week_2004_05_09.php#002947 Over recent days we've gotten accustomed, I think, to an escalating rate of shame and outrage each day. It just keeps getting worse and worse. With such heightened, or as the case may be, lowered expectations, I think it's possible to read the report and conclude it's not quite as bad as one might have expected. But in the process of not being quite as bad as one might expect, it actually deals a pretty devastating blow to any claim that the infamous pictures are examples of low-level jailers run amok. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/opinion/13DOWD.html?HP Officials blurred the lines to justify ideological decisions, calling every Iraqi who opposed us a "terrorist"; conducting rough interrogations, perhaps to find the nonexistent W.M.D. so they would not look foolish; rolling all opposition into one scary terrorist ball that did not require sensitivity to the Geneva Conventions or "humanitarian do-gooders," to use the phrase of Senator James Inhofe, a Republican.
Meanwhile, back in the Dirkson building.....
Torture is inhumane. Torture is illegal. Torture doesn't achieve results. While torture is being discussed, people are being tortured. Some of them may be detained for life in hidden locations so they will never testify what was done to them, and that testimony is the only dangerous information they hold.
As an empirical matter, of course, MacDonald may well be correct: If someone is being interrogated by a nation with secret laws, by a nation that refuses to assure the world that it will abide by its treaty obligations, by a nation with a system of interrogation rules and practices wholly outside the purview of democratic deliberation, public accountability and judicial review, no doubt such an interrogation would be more effective than one that is bound by acknowledged legal limits.What makes the whole thing worse, though is that it's not necessarily true that such an interrogation would be more effective. I'm assuming that "effective" means
getting good-quality information. It's a non-starter to justify the techniques on pragmatic grounds. So we get nothing from the vomit-inducing techniques other than perhaps satisfaction of sadism or misplaced revenge...
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Torture, according to international law, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, sportsbook, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions." In addition to state-sponsored torture, individuals or groups may inflict torture on others for similar reasons; however, the motive for torture can also be for the sadistic gratification of the torturer, as was the case in the Moors Murders. http://www.enterbet.com
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http://obatkutil.over-blog.com/ http://obatkutilkelamin-tradisional.jimdo.com/ http://www.lautanindonesia.com/blog/obatkutilkelamindanjenggerayam/ http://obatkutilmanjur.weebly.com/ http://obatkutilampuh.livejournal.com/ http://obatkutilkelamintradisional123.blogdetik.com/ http://obatkutil12345.edublogs.org/ http://pengobatankutil.blog.planetbiru.com/ http://obatkutil.freeblog.biz/ http://batkutil.blog.com/ Pengobatan kencing nanah atau gonore manjur Obat kencing nanah pada pria Obat kencing nanah pada pria di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotek Obat kencing nanah herbal Obat kencing nanah yang ada di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotik kimia farma Obat kencing nanah yang di jual di apotik Obat kencing nanah dari dokter Obat kencing nanah ampuh Obat kencing nanah kaskus Obat kencing nanah surabaya Obat kencing nanah jogja Obat kencing nanah yang tersedia di apotik Obat kencing nanah apotek Obat kencing nanah yang ada di apotek Cara mengobati sipilis atau gonore (GO) Cara pengobatan kencing nanah dan sipilis
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http://obatkutil.over-blog.com/ http://obatkutilkelamin-tradisional.jimdo.com/ http://www.lautanindonesia.com/blog/obatkutilkelamindanjenggerayam/ http://obatkutilmanjur.weebly.com/ http://obatkutilampuh.livejournal.com/ http://obatkutilkelamintradisional123.blogdetik.com/ http://obatkutil12345.edublogs.org/ http://pengobatankutil.blog.planetbiru.com/ http://obatkutil.freeblog.biz/ http://batkutil.blog.com/ Pengobatan kencing nanah atau gonore manjur Obat kencing nanah pada pria Obat kencing nanah pada pria di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotek Obat kencing nanah herbal Obat kencing nanah yang ada di apotik Obat kencing nanah di apotik kimia farma Obat kencing nanah yang di jual di apotik Obat kencing nanah dari dokter Obat kencing nanah ampuh Obat kencing nanah kaskus Obat kencing nanah surabaya Obat kencing nanah jogja Obat kencing nanah yang tersedia di apotik Obat kencing nanah apotek Obat kencing nanah yang ada di apotek Cara mengobati sipilis atau gonore (GO) Cara pengobatan kencing nanah dan sipilis
Obat Wasir Herbal Ampuh Tanpa Efek Samping Penjual Obat Wasir Herbal Tanpa Operasi Jual Obat Ambeien Tanpa Operasi Jual Obat Wasir Herbal Online Penjual Obat Wasir Ke Seluruh Indonesia Cara Mengobati Wasir Tanpa Harus Operasi Obat Wasir Herbal De Nature Indonesia Pengobatan Wasir dengan Obat Wasir Herbal Tips Mengobati Wasir Sampai Tuntas Cara Pengobatan Wasir Tanpa Operasi Obat Wasir De Nature Indonesia Pegobatan Wasir Tanpa Efek Samping Cara Mengobati Wasir Dengan Obat Herbal Pengobatan Ambeien Tanpa Operasi Obat Wasir Stadium 4 Obat Wasir Untuk Ibu Hamil Obat Wasir Untuk Ibu Menyusui Obat Wasir Herbal Ambeclear Salep Salwa Cara Ampuh Mengobati Wasir Tanpa Operasi Obat wasir ambeien paling ampuh Pengobatan wasir secara alami Obat wasir herbal de nature indonesia Obat untuk wasir berdarah berbahaya Obat wasir ampuh Obat wasir herbal de nature Cara mengobati wasir berdarah yang mengganggu Ambeclear dan salep salwa efektif sembuhkan wasir Obat tradisional wasir atau ambeien Obat tradisional wasir stadium 4 Obat tradisional wasir ambeien
"Obat tradisional wasir untuk ibu hamil" "Obat Wasir Untuk Pria" "Obat wasir herbal terstandar" "Obat wasir manjur" "Obat wasir luar" "Obat wasir tanpa efek samping" "Obat wasir tanpa operasi" "Obat ambeien berdarah" "Obat ambeien manjur" "Obat ambeien luar" "Obat ambeien tanpa operasi" "Obat ambeien herbal" "Obat ambeien dalam" "Obat wasir dalam" "Obat ambeien de nature" "Cara menyembuhkan wasir" "Obat ambeien herbal alami" "Obat wasir ambeien" "Obat wasir parah" "Obat wasir stadium 4" "Cara cepat mengobati wasir" "Obat ambeclear dan salep salwa" "Jual obat wasir" "Obat wasir ampuh tanpa operasi" "Obat ambeien herbal ampuh"
Gejala dan pengobatan ambeyen Cara Mengobati Ambeyen Tanpa Operasi Obat ambeyen de nature Obat alami penyakit wasir Obat ambeyen herbal ampuh Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Obat herbal ambeyen Sembuhkan wasir dengan ambeclear dan salwa Jual obat ambeyen herbal Spesialis pengobatan wasir Obat khusus wasir Obat wasir stadium 2 Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeyen berdarah Cara mengobati ambeyen stadium 4 Agen resmi obat wasir ambeclear dan salwa Penjual obat ambeyen Mengobati wasir tanpa operasi
Gejala dan pengobatan ambeyen Cara Mengobati Ambeyen Tanpa Operasi Obat ambeyen de nature Obat alami penyakit wasir Obat ambeyen herbal ampuh Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Obat herbal ambeyen Sembuhkan wasir dengan ambeclear dan salwa Jual obat ambeyen herbal Spesialis pengobatan wasir Obat khusus wasir Obat wasir stadium 2 Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeyen berdarah Cara mengobati ambeyen stadium 4 Agen resmi obat wasir ambeclear dan salwa Penjual obat ambeyen Mengobati wasir tanpa operasi
Gejala dan pengobatan ambeyen Cara Mengobati Ambeyen Tanpa Operasi Obat ambeyen de nature Obat alami penyakit wasir Obat ambeyen herbal ampuh Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Obat herbal ambeyen Sembuhkan wasir dengan ambeclear dan salwa Jual obat ambeyen herbal Spesialis pengobatan wasir Obat khusus wasir Obat wasir stadium 2 Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeyen berdarah Cara mengobati ambeyen stadium 4 Agen resmi obat wasir ambeclear dan salwa Penjual obat ambeyen Mengobati wasir tanpa operasi
Gejala dan pengobatan ambeyen Cara Mengobati Ambeyen Tanpa Operasi Obat ambeyen de nature Obat alami penyakit wasir Obat ambeyen herbal ampuh Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Jual obat ambeien herbal de nature Obat herbal ambeyen Sembuhkan wasir dengan ambeclear dan salwa Jual obat ambeyen herbal Spesialis pengobatan wasir Obat khusus wasir Obat wasir stadium 2 Obat ambeien di apotik Jual obat ambeyen berdarah Cara mengobati ambeyen stadium 4 Agen resmi obat wasir ambeclear dan salwa Penjual obat ambeyen Mengobati wasir tanpa operasi
Cara mengobati ambeien tanpa operasi Obat wasir herbal tanpa efek samping Cara mengobati wasir Cara mengobati wasir stadium 4 Obat wasir berdarah ampuh Jual obat wasir herbal de nature Obat sakit saat duduk Obat wasir berdarah herbal Cara mengobati wasir sampai tuntas Obat wasir ambeien herbal Obat penyakit ambeyen Obat herbal wasir Cara Mengobati Wasir Secara Herbal Obat ambeyen ampuh Obat herbal ambeien Obat ambeyen tanpa operasi Obat wasir ambeyen Obat wasir ambeyen ampuh Pengobatan ambeyen Obat untuk bab mengeluarkan darah
Obat herbal wasir stadium 4 Obat sakit wasir Pengobatan ambeyen tanpa operasi Spesialis pengobatan ambeyen Cara ampuh mengobati wasir tanpa ke dokter Obat ambeyen di apotik Obat tradisional ampuh penyakit wasir Obat ambeyen alami Pengobatan herbal wasir Ambeclear salwa de nature Obat sakit ambeien Obat herbal penyakit wasir Pengobatan alternatif wasir Jual obat wasir herbal Klinik pengobatan wasir Obat tradisional ambeien ampuh Obat wasir ambeien herbal tanpa operasi Mengobati wasir stadium 1 dan 2 Obat sakit wasir herbal Cara ampuh mengobati wasir Pengobatan penyakit ambeien ala de nature Produk unggulan obat wasir
Jual obat penyakit ambeien Obat penyakit wasir ambeien Obat penyakit wasir ampuh Obat penyakit wasir luar Pengobatan penyakit wasir dalam Obat penyakit wasir yang manjur Obat ampuh khusus penyakit wasir Obat herbal penyakit wasir berdarah Jual obat wasir ambeien manjur Mengobati wasir tanpa operasi dan aman tanpa efek samping Obat wasir berdarah ambeclear dan salep salwa Apa obat wasir yang ampuh? Produk ambeclear dan salwa efektif sembuhkan wasir Jual obat herbal ambeclear dan salep salwa Obat wasir luar berdarah Obat tradisional wasir ambeclear salwa Pengobatan wasir dengan ambeclear dan salwa Obat wasir ambeclear efektif sembuhkan wasir dalam 1 minggu Cara cepat mengobati wasir ambeien tanpa operasi
Obat Sipilis Amoxicillin
Obat Sipilis Adalah Obat Sipilis Apa Obat sifilis Akut Obat Sipilis Apa Namanya Obat Sipilis Alami Obat Sipilis Tradisional Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Obat Sipilis Paling Ampuh Obat Sipilis Dengan Bayam Duri Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Obat Sipilis Alami Obat Sipilis Paling Ampuh Obat Sipilis Dengan Bayam Duri Obat Sipilis Raja Singa Obat Sipilis Jogja Obat Sipilis De nature Obat Sipilis Tradisional Daun Sirih Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Umum Obat Sipilis Kimia Farma
Obat Sipilis Amoxicillin
Obat Sipilis Adalah Obat Sipilis Apa Obat sifilis Akut Obat Sipilis Apa Namanya Obat Sipilis Alami Obat Sipilis Tradisional Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Obat Sipilis Paling Ampuh Obat Sipilis Dengan Bayam Duri Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Obat Sipilis Alami Obat Sipilis Paling Ampuh Obat Sipilis Dengan Bayam Duri Obat Sipilis Raja Singa Obat Sipilis Jogja Obat Sipilis De nature Obat Sipilis Tradisional Daun Sirih Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Umum Obat Sipilis Kimia Farma
obat sipilis di apotik umum
sipilis kimia farma sipilis dokter obat sipilis resep dokter sipilis generik Obat Sipilis Jogja Obat Sipilis Tradisional Daun Sirih obat sipilis di apotik umum obat sipilis kimia farma obat sipilis dokter obat sipilis resep dokter obat sipilis generik cari obat sipilis di apotik cara obat sipilis resep obat sipili tradisional cefixime obat sipilis ciproxin obat sipilis Obat Sipilis Tradisional Daun Sirih obat sipilis generik obat sipilis yang paling ampuh obat sipilis pada pria rumah obat sipilis murah obat sipilis obat sipilis tradisional obat sipilis di apotik Obat Sipilis Alami obat sipilis paling ampuh Obat Sipilis Dengan Bayam Duri obat sipilis pada pria obat sipilis raja singa
Obat Sipilis Jogja
obat sipilis de nature Obat Sipilis Tradisional Daun Sirih obat sipilis paling ampuh obat sipilis di apotik obat sipilis raja singa Obat Sipilis Jogja obat sipilis de nature obat sipilis tradisional daun sirih obat sipilis di apotik umum obat sipilis dokter obat sipilis generik obat sipilis yang paling ampuh obat sipilis Obat Sipilis Tradisional Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Obat Sipilis Alami Obat Sipilis Paling Ampuh Obat Sipilis Dengan Bayam Duri Obat Sipilis Pada Pria Obat Sipilis Raja Singa Obat Sipilis Jogja Obat Sipilis De Nature Obat Sipilis Di Jual Di Apotik Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Terdekat Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Kimia Farma Obat Sipilis Di Apotik Resep Dokter Obat Sipilis Di Kimia Farma
Thank you for another great article. Where else could anyone get that kind of information in such a perfect way of writing? I have a presentation next week, and I am on the look for such information.
Cara Agar Cepat Hamil Crystal X Mengatasi Susah Hamil Tips Menggunakan Crystal X Crystal X Merawat Vagina Cara Agar tetap Awet Muda Cara Merawat Kesehatan Miss V Secara Alami Cara Pakai Acai Plus Pelangsing Herbal NASA Manfaat SBMN Serbuk beras Merah Natural Cara Mengobati Penyakit Asma Secara Alami Cara Mengobati Penyakit Asam Urat Secara Alami
Thanks for your post. I’ve been thinking about writing a very comparable post over the last couple of weeks, I’ll probably keep it short and sweet and link to this instead if thats cool. Thanks.
Cara Mencegah Miom dan Kista Mengobati Keputihan Secara Alami Manfaat Crystal X Merawat Vagina Cara Pakai Crystal X Gimana..? Efek Samping Crystal X Collaskin Untuk Ibu Hamil dan Menyusui Cara Mengatasi Kulit kering dan Kusam Tips Memilih Kosmetik Yang Aman Cara Merawat Kecantikan Kulit Wajah Efek Samping Moreskin
Anyone can perform good deeds for an audience; the best among us do their greatest work when no one is present to bear witness.
Agen Judi Online Terpercaya
Thanks for your post. I’ve been thinking about writing a very comparable post over the last couple of weeks, I’ll probably keep it short and sweet and link to this instead if thats cool. Thanks. GluCella Pemutih Wajah
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Books by Balkinization Bloggers ![]() Linda C. McClain and Aziza Ahmed, The Routledge Companion to Gender and COVID-19 (Routledge, 2024) ![]() David Pozen, The Constitution of the War on Drugs (Oxford University Press, 2024) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, Memory and Authority: The Uses of History in Constitutional Interpretation (Yale University Press, 2024) ![]() Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) ![]() Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) ![]() Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin’s Press, 2022) ![]() Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) ![]() Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). ![]() Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). ![]() Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) ![]() Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) ![]() Jack M. 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(Oxford University Press 2018) ![]() Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) ![]() Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) ![]() Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) ![]() Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) ![]() Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) ![]() Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) ![]() Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) ![]() Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution ![]() Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) ![]() Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) ![]() John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) ![]() Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) ![]() Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) ![]() James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues ![]() Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) ![]() Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) ![]() Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) ![]() Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) ![]() Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) ![]() Jack M. 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Press 2006) ![]() Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |