-->
| Balkinization   |
|
Balkinization
|
Thursday, August 06, 2009
More on China's NGOs and GONGOs
Lauren Hilgers
A year ago, even as China locked down in preparation for the Beijing Olympics, things seemed to be looking up for NGOs. The earthquake in Sichuan had seen a surge in charitable giving and volunteerism; the state seemed to be recognizing the worth of a vibrant, if well-monitored civil society. A year later, this optimism has given way to a series of arrests, closures and criminal trials targeting China's activists and non-profit organizations. It's become clear, in the past two months, that China is cracking down. In addition to shuttering the open-constitution initiative (or, in Chinese, Gongmeng), Chinese authorities have raided Yi Ren Ping, a non-profit serving sufferers of Hepatitis B. Xu Zhiyong, the legal representative of Gongmeng, disappeared last week and two activists who criticized the government after the Sichuan earthquake are scheduled to go on trial this month. No one is quite sure why China has chosen this moment to tighten its grip on lawyers and non-profit organizations. It could be that the central government is nervous about the upcoming 60th anniversary of the People's Republic--Beijing is planning an elaborate show for the October first holiday. It could be that they were shaken by the recent riots in Xinjiang. Whatever the reason, the recent crackdown is not a great sign for China's NGOs. This is primarily true for the NGOs registered as corporations rather than social organizations. Even last year, when spirits were high, China's NGOs were split down the middle. Those organizations willing to submit to some degree of government control can register as social organizations. To do this, they must obtain sponsorship from a government department and receive approval from the Ministry of Civil Affairs. Other organizations, those that deal in issues that China considers sensitive, or those that simply want to avoid government involvement, generally register as corporations. The Open Constitution Initiative, an NGO registered as a corporation, was never an organization suited to direct government supervision. Gongmeng's lawyers, one of whom was disbarred earlier this summer, took on cases that China's authorities might rather have handled without involving China's judicial system. In one of their most famous cases, Gongmeng lawyers represented the families impacted by the Sanlu milk scandal. They negotiated financial compensation for the victims, overshadowing a government-backed payment scheme (offering the families much lower compensation) already in the works. While Gongmeng's plight and Xu Zhiyong's recent disappearance is sure to make many non-profits pause, there is an interesting foil to the current crackdown. In the past month or so, the All-China Environmental Federation, a government-operated NGO (or GONGO) has filed two court cases against local authorities (both have been referenced in the media as the first of their kind). In one case, the Jiangyin Port Container Co. Ltd, located in Wuxi city, is accused of damaging air and water quality in the surrounding residential areas. The second case, in Guizhou Province, takes on the Qingzhen Land Resources Bureau for leasing out land in an environmentally sensitive area to a drinks and ice cream processing plant. Both cases have been accepted by local courts and should be going to trial in the next few months. In an interview with the AP, Ma Yong, the director of the legal service center at the ACEF said that this was the beginning of a trend a the federation. "The case will serve as a warning for government departments and companies that damage the environment, as we're stepping up efforts to play a supervisory role." Of course, what Ma Yong is talking about is a government controlled organization taking on other arms of the government. Xu Zhiyong and the Gongmeng lawyers, on the other hand, worked within the parameters of the Chinese legal system, but outside of the Party's control. Their goals could and did diverge with those of the central government. The ACEF is helping to enforce a policy that has already been emphasized by the central government--environmental protection. This model of activism looks to be the one preferred in Beijing. Tuesday, August 04, 2009
Citizens United and the Rules of Judicial Craft
Heather K. Gerken
The briefs are flooding in for the Citizens United case, where the Supreme Court unexpectedly ended the Term not by issuing a decision, but by ordering the parties to submit additional briefs on whether the Court should overrule Austin v. Michigan Chambers of Commerce (the case upholding limits on corporate spending in candidate elections). The Court's order has generated something of a cocktail party game among election law scholars. We take turns naming which aspect of the order we find the most surprising. That the Court would consider reversing a key portion of its decision in McConnell v. FEC after a scant six years? That the Court might overrule Austin? That after making much of its statesmanship in avoiding the constitutional question in its recent Voting Rights Act case, it might ignore the canon of constitutional avoidance here? That the Court might invalidate restrictions on corporate spending dating back a century in one form or another? Saturday, August 01, 2009
William Van Alstyne responds
Guest Blogger
William Van Alstyne
|
Books by Balkinization Bloggers
Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011)
Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011)
Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011)
Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic
Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010)
Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010)
Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010)
Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009)
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009)
Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009)
Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009)
Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008)
David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007)
Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007)
Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007)
Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006)
Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006)
Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006)
Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005)
Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |