If the problem of political ignorance is a tougher nut to crack than conventional wisdom supposes, what can be done about it? Sadly, I don't think there is any definitive solution available. But we can significantly mitigate the problem by making more of our decisions by "voting with our feet" and fewer at the ballot box.
I. Informational Advantages of Foot Voting
In chapter 5 of my book, I explain why two kinds of foot voting have important informational advantages over ballot box voting. The first is when we vote with our feet in the private sector, by choosing which products to buy or which civil society organizations to join. The other is choosing what state or local government to live under in a federal system - a decision often influenced by the quality of those jurisdictions' public policy.
If you are like most people, you probably spent more time and effort acquiring information the last time you decided which car or TV to buy than the last time you decided who to support for president or governor. Is that because the presidency is less important than your TV, or deals with less complicated issues? Unlikely. It's because when people choose a TV, they intuitively realize that the decision is likely to make a difference. By contrast, when you vote for a presidential candidate, the chance that your decision will affect the outcome is infinitesmally small.
The key difference between foot voting and ballot box voting is that foot voters don't have the same incentive to be rationally ignorant as ballot box voters do. To the contrary, they have strong incentives to seek out useful information. They also have much better incentives to objectively evaluate what they do learn. Unlike "political fans" who can afford to be "rationally irrational" about political information, foot voters know they will pay a real price if they do a poor job of evaluating the information they get.
Consider how people react to those who argue with them about politics and point out flaws in their positions. In most cases, they react with anger or frustration. Rarely will they thank you for helping them to see the truth. It's no accident that social norms frown on arguing about politics and religion in mixed company. By contrast, people are, on average, much more open-minded if you point out to them that they're missing out on a deal in the marketplace. That's because, for most people, having their political views attacked is just psychological pain with little prospect of gain. But information that improves your foot voting decisions is much more useful, and therefore people are more willing to put up with criticism of their views on such matters.
That doesn't mean that foot voters are always well-informed or perfectly unbiased in their evaluation of information. Far from it. But, on average, they do a much better job than ballot box voters do. In the book, I discuss some dramatic examples of foot voters acquiring and effectively using information even under highly adverse conditions. For example, millions of poorly educated and sometimes illiterate African-Americans in the early 20th century Jim Crow South managed to figure out that conditions were relatively less oppressive in the North (and also in some parts of the South compared to others) and migrated accordingly. This, despite the fact that southern state governments deliberately tried to keep them ignorant by impeding the flow of information about job opportunities in the North. Foot voting under federalism did not solve all the problems of oppressed African-Americans in the Jim Crow era. Perhaps nothing could in a society as racist as the early 20th century US. But it did significantly improve their situation compared to what it would have been otherwise. And it is an important example of how foot voters can effectively acquire and make use of information even under highly unfavorable conditions.
In more recent times, some 70 percent of the public were unaware of the massive Bush Medicare prescription drug plan when it passed in 2003. But, despite the complex nature of the options the plan offered to senior citizens, studies show that most of those eligible for benefits made well-informed decisions about which of several options to choose. I am no fan of that Bush policy; but it is an example of how people presented with foot voting decisions about a complex issue like health care do a much better job of seeking out relevant information than those acting as ballot box voters in that same field.
II. Implications for the Role of Government
The informational advantages of foot voting over ballot box voting strengthen the case for limiting and decentralizing government. The more decentralized government is, the more issues can be decided through foot voting. It is much easier to vote with your feet against a local government than a state government (except, perhaps, a very small state), and much easier to do it against a state than against the federal government.
It is also usually much easier to foot vote in the private sector than the public. A given region is likely to have far more private planned communities and other private sector organizations than local governments. Choosing between the former usually requires far less in the way of moving costs than choosing between the latter.
Foot voting has significant downsides as well as upsides. In Chapter 5 of the book and in Part II of this article, I cover several standard objections to foot voting, such as the problem of moving costs, the danger of "races to the bottom," and the likelihood that political decentralization might harm unpopular racial and ethnic minorities. Each of these concerns is sometimes a genuine problem. But I contend that each one is a less severe challenge than commonly believed. For example, moving costs can be reduced by decentralizing to lower levels of government or to the private sector, and are in any case declining thanks to modern technology.
Political ignorance is, of course, far from the only factor that must be considered in deciding the appropriate size, scope, and centralization of government. For example, some large-scale issues are simply too big to be effectively addressed by lower-level governments. Global warming is a good example. Ultimately, Democracy and Political Ignorance does not provide anything like a complete theory of the appropriate role of government in society. But it does suggest that the informational advantages of foot voting should lead us to limit and decentralize government more than we would otherwise. Even if you read the book and agree with every one of its arguments, you could still rationally support a larger and more centralized government than I would. But it should be smaller and more decentralized than the government you would choose in a world where political ignorance is not a serious problem.
UPDATE: As with one of my previous posts in this series. I initially neglected to set the system to allow comments (I am used to the system at the Volokh Conspiracy, where allowing comments is the default setting). I apologize for the mistake, which has now been fixed.
I. Informational Advantages of Foot Voting
In chapter 5 of my book, I explain why two kinds of foot voting have important informational advantages over ballot box voting. The first is when we vote with our feet in the private sector, by choosing which products to buy or which civil society organizations to join. The other is choosing what state or local government to live under in a federal system - a decision often influenced by the quality of those jurisdictions' public policy.
If you are like most people, you probably spent more time and effort acquiring information the last time you decided which car or TV to buy than the last time you decided who to support for president or governor. Is that because the presidency is less important than your TV, or deals with less complicated issues? Unlikely. It's because when people choose a TV, they intuitively realize that the decision is likely to make a difference. By contrast, when you vote for a presidential candidate, the chance that your decision will affect the outcome is infinitesmally small.
The key difference between foot voting and ballot box voting is that foot voters don't have the same incentive to be rationally ignorant as ballot box voters do. To the contrary, they have strong incentives to seek out useful information. They also have much better incentives to objectively evaluate what they do learn. Unlike "political fans" who can afford to be "rationally irrational" about political information, foot voters know they will pay a real price if they do a poor job of evaluating the information they get.
Consider how people react to those who argue with them about politics and point out flaws in their positions. In most cases, they react with anger or frustration. Rarely will they thank you for helping them to see the truth. It's no accident that social norms frown on arguing about politics and religion in mixed company. By contrast, people are, on average, much more open-minded if you point out to them that they're missing out on a deal in the marketplace. That's because, for most people, having their political views attacked is just psychological pain with little prospect of gain. But information that improves your foot voting decisions is much more useful, and therefore people are more willing to put up with criticism of their views on such matters.
That doesn't mean that foot voters are always well-informed or perfectly unbiased in their evaluation of information. Far from it. But, on average, they do a much better job than ballot box voters do. In the book, I discuss some dramatic examples of foot voters acquiring and effectively using information even under highly adverse conditions. For example, millions of poorly educated and sometimes illiterate African-Americans in the early 20th century Jim Crow South managed to figure out that conditions were relatively less oppressive in the North (and also in some parts of the South compared to others) and migrated accordingly. This, despite the fact that southern state governments deliberately tried to keep them ignorant by impeding the flow of information about job opportunities in the North. Foot voting under federalism did not solve all the problems of oppressed African-Americans in the Jim Crow era. Perhaps nothing could in a society as racist as the early 20th century US. But it did significantly improve their situation compared to what it would have been otherwise. And it is an important example of how foot voters can effectively acquire and make use of information even under highly unfavorable conditions.
In more recent times, some 70 percent of the public were unaware of the massive Bush Medicare prescription drug plan when it passed in 2003. But, despite the complex nature of the options the plan offered to senior citizens, studies show that most of those eligible for benefits made well-informed decisions about which of several options to choose. I am no fan of that Bush policy; but it is an example of how people presented with foot voting decisions about a complex issue like health care do a much better job of seeking out relevant information than those acting as ballot box voters in that same field.
II. Implications for the Role of Government
The informational advantages of foot voting over ballot box voting strengthen the case for limiting and decentralizing government. The more decentralized government is, the more issues can be decided through foot voting. It is much easier to vote with your feet against a local government than a state government (except, perhaps, a very small state), and much easier to do it against a state than against the federal government.
It is also usually much easier to foot vote in the private sector than the public. A given region is likely to have far more private planned communities and other private sector organizations than local governments. Choosing between the former usually requires far less in the way of moving costs than choosing between the latter.
Foot voting has significant downsides as well as upsides. In Chapter 5 of the book and in Part II of this article, I cover several standard objections to foot voting, such as the problem of moving costs, the danger of "races to the bottom," and the likelihood that political decentralization might harm unpopular racial and ethnic minorities. Each of these concerns is sometimes a genuine problem. But I contend that each one is a less severe challenge than commonly believed. For example, moving costs can be reduced by decentralizing to lower levels of government or to the private sector, and are in any case declining thanks to modern technology.
Political ignorance is, of course, far from the only factor that must be considered in deciding the appropriate size, scope, and centralization of government. For example, some large-scale issues are simply too big to be effectively addressed by lower-level governments. Global warming is a good example. Ultimately, Democracy and Political Ignorance does not provide anything like a complete theory of the appropriate role of government in society. But it does suggest that the informational advantages of foot voting should lead us to limit and decentralize government more than we would otherwise. Even if you read the book and agree with every one of its arguments, you could still rationally support a larger and more centralized government than I would. But it should be smaller and more decentralized than the government you would choose in a world where political ignorance is not a serious problem.
UPDATE: As with one of my previous posts in this series. I initially neglected to set the system to allow comments (I am used to the system at the Volokh Conspiracy, where allowing comments is the default setting). I apologize for the mistake, which has now been fixed.
I would imagine most people spend no more time than it takes to walk around the store and, at the most, ask a salesperson a question or two to buy a television.
ReplyDeleteI think Mr. Somin makes some good points about African-Americans 'voting with their feet' in the face of Jim Crow but 1. it seems to undercut his overall emphasis on political ignorance (since he concedes most of those involved probably would not be 'informed' in the sense he has been using it) and 2. it seems a tough hill to climb (though credit to him for choosing what would have been an obvious counterexample) as Jim Crow seems to be the quintessential case of where a federal, one sized fits all approach worked far better than a 'state's right's' approach.
Perhaps Mr. Somin would argue that voting with one 's feet would have ultimately caused the states to dismantle their discriminatory practices. But neither slavery nor Jim Crow made exit very easy.
ReplyDeleteIt's hard to explain why the Great Migration only began ca. 1910, though the oppression of blacks had been pretty constant since 1865. Well, before that too, but slavery.
ReplyDeleteIt's even harder to explain why the vast majority of that "foot voting" didn't take place until 1940-70, despite all the oppression until that time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)
It's hard to explain, that is, unless you recognize that blacks didn't "vote with their feet" *until they had jobs available in the North*.
People move for *jobs*, not because they're socially or politically oppressed. Which rather undermines Prof. Somin's argument.
Do "foot voters" make a cost/benefit analysis in their decisions? Surely young professionals who gentrify once poor neighborhoods in foot voting make such an analysis. Also wealthy individuals facing potential lawsuits who engage in foot voting to FL for the benefit of FL's protective bankruptcy laws (attributable to federalism principles) make such an analysis. Likewise wealthy individuals who engage in foot voting to states with low income and estate tax rates make such an analysis. Add to this wealthy individuals who gather in gated communities for the obvious reasons, including that the uninformed poor cannot foot vote for financial reasons into that gated community.
ReplyDeleteAs for the Great Migration, those foot voters foot voted for survival due to government policies of long standing, limited perhaps to "back of the envelope" cost/benefit analysis - "Can I get a job and a place to live that I can afford?". Likewise the Okies of the Dust Bowl days. Their survival is a tad different from the foot voters in the preceding paragraph.
Perhaps Ilya could provide us with his personal foot voting beginning with his coming to America to contrast with foot voters described in the preceding paragraph.
Foot voting can be quite expensive such that those with wealth and influence can do so more readily and effectively than many without such means who may be trapped by financial circumstances. I was born in 1930 and recall stories from my childhood of families who moved quite frequently from neighborhood to neighborhood, sort of an involuntary foot voting to avoid rent and other bills. Inequality in wealth, income and otherwise has great bearing foot voting.
It is also usually much easier to foot vote in the private sector than the public. A given region is likely to have far more private planned communities and other private sector organizations than local governments. Choosing between the former usually requires far less in the way of moving costs than choosing between the latter.
ReplyDeleteI haven't found this to be the case uniformly. Do you not like the Mountain View city government? You have a choice of another dozen or so within a 30-minute drive. How many grocery chains do you have a choice of? I believe four. And telecommunications companies? How easy is to to avoid Microsoft, if you really don't want to use their products. To avoid Google's web tracking? All of these are much harder to foot-vote away from than the city of Mountain View is.
Mr Somin also seems to studiously ignore all the research that has been done on the level of government, the prevalence of corrupt practices and crony capitalism.
ReplyDeleteIf in fact "vote with your feet" was driven by political factors, then the "Free State" and "Free Town" projects would not have been such utter failures. Libertarians, had opted NOT to vote with their feet even when encouraged to do so
And when they tried this at the local town level, the local town acted to prevent the changes from happening
http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/2/201.short
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268196000224
http://translate.google.com/?hl=en&lr=&pg=PA161&dq=the+problem+of+decentralization+corruption&ots=j8c8wEY2Ah&sig=dQAHM95zaW_qz-zlGwQN95P1aHM&q=the+problem+of+decentralization+corruption&sa=N&tab=pT
Mark:
ReplyDelete"People move for *jobs*, not because they're socially or politically oppressed. Which rather undermines Prof. Somin's argument."
You will generally find freedom and economic opportunity (and the reverse) in the same places.
I am surprised that Professor Somin did not note the massive migration from the unionized progressive states to the heartland states over the past two generations which made the African American Great Migration look like a comparative trickle. The former migration is likely the greatest peacetime movement of people within a nation in history.
If our SALADISTA says so:
ReplyDelete"The former migration is likely the greatest peacetime movement of people within a nation in history."
he must have the proof in his green bag; otherwise he wouldn't say so, would he?
Shag:
ReplyDelete25 House seats of roughly 600,000 apiece or about 15 million Americans shifted to the sunbelt states from 1970 -2010. This does not count the migration into the mountain west and great plains.
If you can find another peaceful migration of 15+ million within a nation in world history, I would love to see it.
Perhaps our SALADISTA is subtly suggesting that the peaceful migration he describes might have been a reaction to the Great Migration? The housing bubble may have subsidized this migration. And let's not discount the births that took place there increasing the numbers our SALADISTA pulled out of who knows where. And of course there would have to be factored in the population increases from 1970-2010. I think a tad more analysis is required before our SALADISTA self-publishes what may be a new book on the largest peacetime migration in world history.
ReplyDeleteShag:
ReplyDelete"Perhaps our SALADISTA is subtly suggesting that the peaceful migration he describes might have been a reaction to the Great Migration?"
Actually, millions of African Americans joined the migration to the sunbelt because cities like Atlanta offered more opportunity than failing blue cities like Detroit.
"The housing bubble may have subsidized this migration."
The government directed and subsidized subprime home mortgage driven housing price bubble started in 1997 and these garbage mortgages were available in all 50 states.
"And let's not discount the births that took place there increasing the numbers our SALADISTA pulled out of who knows where."
This would take a closer analysis of the census data than I have the time or inclination to make.
Among native Americans, people of faith tend to have more children than the secular, which would suggest that natives of the Bible Belt might have had more children during this period than more secular places like NYC.
On the other hand, foreign immigrants have a markedly higher birth rate than native Americans and those immigrants have been flowing into progressive blue states in numbers sufficient to replace all the departing natives.
I have no idea how those demographics would offset, but the net of the two do not begin to account for a shift of 15+ million Americans.
Shag, don't you know that retirees migrate to the sun belt for the job opportunities?
ReplyDeleteNative Americans? I'm pretty sure their "migrations" were at the business end of a gun.
ReplyDeleteBB:
ReplyDeleteAnyone born in American is a native American. I do not incorrectly limit that term to Indians, who are just another group of immigrants.
"The former migration is likely the greatest peacetime movement of people within a nation in history."
ReplyDeleteBart, how would it compare with what it traditionally called the age of 'westward expansion' in the United States. The source below suggest for example that 'In 1800, less than 7% lived in the West. By 1900 this number increased to roughly 60%'
http://guillaume-vandenbroucke.net/West_Web.pdf
Mr. W:
ReplyDeleteAmerica's westward expansion was definitely large, but many to most of these migrants were foreign immigrants and I do not believe that 15 million native Americans moved from east to west in an equivalent time period to the rustbelt to sunbelt migration.
People move for *jobs*, not because they're socially or politically oppressed. Which rather undermines Prof. Somin's argument.
ReplyDeleteEven if we assume it is correct about black migration in the US, this statement is grossly overbroad and intellectually sloppy. Plenty of people vote with their feet despite no good economic prospects. You can find them at refugee camps all over the world.
I'm not really a big fan of Ilya's "vote with their feet" argument, precisely because I think it only occurs in the face of very severe oppression. So it's not much of a safety valve. But it does, in fact, occur, and the power of refugee flows can be seen in the fact that oppressive regimes often go to great lengths to ensure that people are forced to stay. Ilya's exprience coming from the former Soviet Union is certainly relevant in this regard.
I am surprised that Professor Somin did not note the massive migration from the unionized progressive states to the heartland states over the past two generations which made the African American Great Migration look like a comparative trickle. The former migration is likely the greatest peacetime movement of people within a nation in history.
ReplyDeleteOn the other hand, this is even more sloppy than Mark's comment.
Simply put, how many people came to California from the rest of the country during the post-war period when we basically epitomized big government liberalism?
What you might be able to say is that there's been a great SORTING. People who believe that a sky fairy is going to let them live forever and that clean water regulations are the thin edge of tyranny end up in Colorado with Bart; people who embrace our multicultural future and believe in the liberation of women and gays end up in California with me.
But I don't think that's what Ilya means by voting with your feet-- he's talking about avoiding serious governmental oppression, not moving to some place where you can be around people who are like you.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteBD: I am surprised that Professor Somin did not note the massive migration from the unionized progressive states to the heartland states over the past two generations which made the African American Great Migration look like a comparative trickle. The former migration is likely the greatest peacetime movement of people within a nation in history.
ReplyDeleteDilan: On the other hand, this is even more sloppy than Mark's comment. Simply put, how many people came to California from the rest of the country during the post-war period when we basically epitomized big government liberalism?
California had a great business environment after WWII, but progressive policies progressively poisoned that environment until CA natives joined the migration to the heartland states over 20 years ago. The mountain west and Texas is filled with refugees from your CA. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_71.htm#.UlRGahYgN8s
A response to our SALADISTA's challenge:
ReplyDelete"If you can find another peaceful migration of 15+ million within a nation in world history, I would love to see it. "
might be for our SALADISTA to contact a travel agent and take a slow boat to China.
Bart:
ReplyDeleteCalifornia had its biggest government in the 1950's and 1960's. Gigantic freeway projects, a massive expansion of the state university systems, generous welfare programs.
And during that period, not only did we get a net migration, but it was huge. The migration out you are describing (which actually doesn't exist unless you only talk about white people-- we are still a growing state when ethnic minorities and immigrants are counted) only occurred after Proposition 13 and Reagan's governorship, when our government started to contract.
It is completely inconsistent with your argument.
Shag:
ReplyDeleteAmerika, love it or leave it?
I think not.
I prefer working as part of a peaceful revolution to reestablish America as the Land of the Free.
Blankshot, you're a delusional lunatic.
ReplyDeleteDilan: California had its biggest government in the 1950's and 1960's. Gigantic freeway projects, a massive expansion of the state university systems, generous welfare programs.
ReplyDeleteInfrastructure helped the business environment.
Welfare only harms the business environment when it translates into progressively punitive taxes.
Your insane taxes did not take off until the 1970s. http://cacs.org/visualization/1552
Ditto your insane regulations.
The IT revolution in the 80s delayed CA's decline later than say that of MI, but progressivism eventually cripples even the most vibrant economy.
"Plenty of people vote with their feet despite no good economic prospects. You can find them at refugee camps all over the world."
ReplyDeleteFair enough. At some level of oppression, people will leave. But based on the experience of this country, the level of oppression would have to exceed that of the post-War South. I don't think Prof. Somin is limiting himself to that point.
Gee whiz, I thought our SALADISTA was serious when he said he would love to see " ... another peaceful migration of 15+ million within a nation in world history ... " I figured a slow boat to China would be filled with the joys of Peking Duck, egg rols, etc. Really, I do not wish to wish our SALADISTA on China as he just might stir things up with China demanding that American debt it holds be paid. [Note: I'm assuming our SALADISTA could get a visa.]
ReplyDeleteIt appears that Massachusetts has the 5th highest median income. I figured that we would be pretty close to last. We probably need to elect more Republicans if we want to compete with red states like Mississippi or West Virginia.
ReplyDeleteYour insane taxes did not take off until the 1970s. http://cacs.org/visualization/1552
ReplyDeleteDitto your insane regulations.
Bart just cited a tax graph that STARTS in 1970 to supposedly prove that California didn't have high taxes or strict regulations prior to that time.
This speaks for itself.
That graph does not even show that tax rates have increased in CA since 1970. It only shows that tax revenue has increased. Guess what it shows if you look at taxes per $100 income adjusted for inflation?
ReplyDeleteHere's a link to a NYTimes Asia Pacific report "China's Great Uprooting: Moving 250 Million Into Cities":
ReplyDeletehttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/world/asia/chinas-great-uprooting-moving-250-million-into-cities.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
My parents moved several times when they were poor for better economic opportunities. Each time things got a bit better and eventually they settled down where they did fairly well.
ReplyDeleteFreedom to move is often nothing to lose.
This article reminds me of a question that I have had regarding Detroit. Would the outcome have been different in Detroit if the franchise were limited to property owners? Renters can leave the town as soon as the lease expires property owners have more skin in the game. It seems to me that if only property owners voted in municipal elections, there would be less susceptibility to incurring long term unfunded pension debt or issuing debt to pay for boondoggle stadiums.
ReplyDeleteI think Mr. Somin makes some good points about African-Americans 'voting with their feet' in the face of Jim Crow but 1. it seems to undercut his overall emphasis on political ignoranceCheap LOL Elo Boost LOL排位赛代练 Cheap LOL Boosting
ReplyDeleteVery awesome post , i am really impressed with it a lot
ReplyDeleteفوائد الزنجبيل
فوائد الرمان فوائد الحلبة فوائد البصل فوائد الزعتر فوائد زيت السمسم علاج البواسير فوائد اليانسون فوائد الكركم قصص جحا صور يوم الجمعه علامات الحمل تعريف الحب حياة البرزخ فوائد الزبيب
If some one needs to be updated with hottest technologies then he must be pay a quick visit this web page and be up to date everyday. Judi Bola
ReplyDeletethanks great article
ReplyDeleteالعاب
ReplyDeletethanks so much for that great blog and thanks also for accepting my links thanks
طريقة عمل الدونات طريقة عمل البان كيك طريقة عمل الكنافة طريقة عمل البسبوسة طريقة عمل الكيك طريقة عمل عجينة البيتزا فوائد القرفه
ReplyDeletethanks so much i like very so much your post
حلي الاوريو الفطر الهندي صور تورتة حلى قهوه طريقة عمل السينابون طريقة عمل بلح الشام بيتزا هت كيكة الزبادي حلا سهل صور كيك
عجينة العشر دقائق
Your blog article is really very impressive which makes it informative blog article in which there is the difference between Foot Voting vs. Ballot Box Voting. Thanks for sharing it and please keep sharing.
ReplyDeleteBallot Boxes | Voting Booths | Ballot Boxes China
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالرياض
ReplyDeleteشركة تنظيف خزانات بالرياض
شركة تنظيف شقق بالرياض
شركة تنظيف منازل بالرياض
شركة تنظيف فلل بالرياض
شركة جلي رخام بالرياض
شركة مكافحة الفئران بالرياض
Thanks for sharing such useful information with us and we are very grateful for sharing this and please keep sharing.
ReplyDeleteElection Ink Manufacturer | Electronic Voting Machine Manufacturer
ReplyDeleteتنظيف منازل بالطائف
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة
A
شركة تسليك مجارى بالمدينة المنورة
شركة نقل اثاث بالمدينة المنورة
شركة كشف تسربات بالمدينة المنورة
شركة تسليك مجارى بجدة
شركة مكافحة حشرات بجدة
شركة نظافة عامة بجدة
شركة نقل اثاث بجدة
شركة كشف تسربات بجدة
شركة تسليك مجارى بالدمام
شركة تنظيف مسابح بالدمام
شركة تنظيف موكيت بالدمام
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات بالدمام
شركة نظافة عامة بالدمام
شركة نقل اثاث بالدمام
شركة تسليك مجارى بالرياض
تخزين اثاث بالرياض
كشف تسربات بالرياض
مكافحة حشرات بالرياض
نقل اثاث بالرياض
تنظيف بخميس مشيط
تنظيف بالطائف
رش مبيدات بجازان
تسليك مجارى بجازان
نظافة بالجوف
nice site.. i love this site and the informations so good for me...but i think this site must often post a informations like this.. thx..
ReplyDeleteJudi Bola
Judi Bola Online
tq for the nice site...
ReplyDeleteJudi Bola
Judi Bola Online
Judi Online Bola
Bandar Judi Bola
Judi Bola Sbobet
Judi Bola Indonesia
Bandar Judi Bola Online
Judi Bola Online Sbobet
Agen Judi Bola Sbobet
`
ReplyDelete`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
151216meiqing
ReplyDeletemichael kors outlet
polo ralph lauren
jordan 11
michael kors handbags
north face jackets
oakley sunglasses
michael kors outlet
ray-ban sunglasses
toms outlet
louis vuitton outlet
christian louboutin
fake oakleys
hollister uk
cheap uggs
michael kors uk
christian louboutin outlet
toms shoes
mulberry handbags
coach outlet online
louis vuitton outlet
coach factory outlet
michael kors outlet
cheap uggs
ugg outlet
louis vuitton
cheap soccer shoes
rolex watches outlet
coach outlet store online
ralph lauren outlet
canada goose jackets
nike air force 1
hollister kids
air jordan retro
ugg boots
ugg australia
nike trainers
adidas originals
ray-ban sunglasses
coach outlet
michael kors outlet
Bingei River Rafting Tour
ReplyDeleteSumatra Orangutans Tour
Bukit Lawang Trekking Tour
Kerinci National Park
Way Kambas National Park
Nias Island Tour
Mentawai Surf Budget
Mentawai Tribe
Sumatra Overland Tour
sumatra tours vacation
sumatra travel good
Bira Beach South Sulawesi
Lombok Round Trip
sumatra tours intrepid
sumatra travel guide
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة حشرات بابها
شركة رش مبيدات بجازان
شركة مكافحه حشرات بالاحساء
شركة رش مبيدات بالرياض
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بجازان
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بخميس مشيط
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بابها
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالرياض
My pessimism extends to the point of even suspecting the sincerity of the pessimists.
ReplyDeleteAgen Judi Online Terpercaya
Hi,
ReplyDeleteThanks so much for this fantastic aticle. . It makes me so satisfied,
your vast understanding to the topic encourage reader and makes him happy.
Ballot Box Suppliers | Voting Booths
افضل تصميمات مواقع مختلفة تابعوها من خلال شركة سوقنى المصرية على المزيد من السلع والمنتجات والقيان بت تسويق الكترونى بالمزيد من الاستراتيجيات الحديثة للمزيد من المعلومات تابعونا على الفور
ReplyDeletehttp://www.swaqny.com/
002_01008745590
مؤسسة السبيعى هى الافضل فى السعودية لما تقدمه دائما من عروض مميزة ومختلفة على مظلات هى الافضل فى تصميماتها وموديلاتها والخامات المستخدمة للمزيد تابعونا على الفور
ReplyDeletehttp://www.alsobaee.com/2013/12/Mezallat-Umbrellas.html
0501401148
عروض لا تنتهى من خلال مؤسسة عبد العزيز على مشبات فخمه بالمزيد من التصميمات المختلفة والمميزة للمزيد من المعلومات تابعونا عبر الموقع الرسمى الخاص http://goo.gl/EkLBD1
ReplyDelete05524771900
اهم المواد الدراسية تدرس داخل مركز النور التعليمى للحصول على معادلة كلية الهندسة عن طريق هيئة من المدرسين فى الشرح وتوصيل المعلومة للمزيد تابعونا على الفور عبر موقعنا الرسمى
ReplyDeletehttp://www.moadlet-handasa.com/
01093189974 — 01118585670
الان من خلال توكيل زانوسي الذى يعد الاهم تابعوا قطع غيار لكافة الموديلات المختلفة لكافة الاجهزة الكهربية المعطلة للمزيد من المعلومات تابعونا على الفور عبر موقعنا الرسمى
ReplyDeletehttp://www.maintenanceg.com/IdealZanussi-Center-Agent.html
jordans shoes
ReplyDeletejordan 11 legend blue
Jordan Retro 8 Concord
new jordan shoes
coach store
coach sale
michael kors bags
michael kors purses
Michael Kors Sale
michael kors handbags on sale
macys michael kors
Michael Kors Outlet Locations
retro jordans
air jordan
jordans 11
lebron james shoes
nike air max 95
nike air max 2016
nike store
nike free run
red sole shoes
black christian louboutin
mbt Shoes
Buy mbt shoes online
fitflop.com
fitflop sale
Nike Air Huaraches
Kobe Shoes
christian louboutin shoes
christian louboutin 2016
افضل شركة كشف تسربات المياه
ReplyDeleteبنقدم لكم افضل العروض الموجوده فى الوطن العربى لمكافحة تسربات المياه
We offer you -fighting water leaks Service
وفروع شركتنا فى
كشف تسربات المياه بالرياض
كشف تسربات المياه بجدة
كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
كشف تسربات المياه بدون تكسير
كشف تسربات المياه بالمدينة المنورة
ReplyDeleteمظلات وسواتر حميان 0535990488
تقدم لكم مؤسسة حميان تصميمات رائعة من المظلات والسواتر بجميع انواعها
مظلات السيارات
مظلات حدائق
مظلات مدارس
مظلات فلل
مظلات مسابح
مظلات بولى ايثلين
مظلات وسواتر
سواتر ومظلات
سواتر
سواتر خشبية
سواتر حديدية
سواتر قماشية
سواتر مدارس
بيوت شعر
هناجر
قرميد
شركة تنظيف بجدة بيجات كلين 0563019997
ReplyDeleteتفتخر شركات تنظيف بجدة باستخدام امهر وافضل الفنيين فى تنظيف المنازل والبيوت والفلل والقصور ومكافحة الحشرات وكذلك تقدم خدمات كثيرة ويشمل تنظيف الواجهات الزجاجية
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بجدة
تنظيف بالبخار بجدة
شركة غسيل بالبخار بجدة
شركة تنظيف بجدة
تنظيف بجدة
شركات تنظيف بجدة
شركة تنظيف شقق بجدة
شركة تنظيف سجاد وموكيت بجدة
شركة تنظيف فلل بجدة
شركة تنظيف مجالس وكنب بجدة
http://www.bejatclean.com/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9
شركة تنظيف بمكة توب كلين 0549800078
ReplyDeleteتنظيف بمكة
شركة تنظيف بمكة
شركة تنظيف شقق بمكة
شركة تنظيف منازل بمكة
شركة تنظيف بيوت بمكة
شركة تنظيف فلل بمكة
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالبخار بمكة
تنظيف مجالس بمكة
تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف ستائر بمكة
تنظيف خزانات بمكة
شركة تنظيف خزانات بمكة
شركة غسيل خزانات بمكة
شركة عزل خزانات بمكة
شركة تنظيف مكيفات بمكة
شركة مكافحة بمكة الاميرة كلين 0551365197
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة الحشرات بمكة
مكافحة الحشرات بمكة
شركة رش حشرات بمكة
شركة رش مبيدات بمكة
شركة مكافحة النمل الاسود بمكة
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بمكة
شركة مكافحة الفئران بمكة
شركة مكافحة الصراصير بمكة
شركة مكافحة البق بمكة
شركة مكافحة العتة بمكة
شركات مكافحة الحشرات فى مكة
مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالدمام
شركة مكافحة البق بالدمام
شركة مكافحة العتة بالدمام
شركة رش مبيدات بالدمام
شركة رش حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة الفئران بالدمام
شركة مكافحة الصراصير بالدمام
ReplyDeleteكشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات بالدمام
كشف تسربات بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بمكة الهدى 0506026693
ReplyDeleteشركة تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف مقروشات بمكة
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف موكيت بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف اسطح بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف بمكة الهدى 0506026693
شركات النظافة بمكة
شركة تنظيف بمكة
شركة تنظيف بيوت بمكة
شركة تنظيف شقق بمكة
شركة تنظيف منازل بمكة
شركة تنظيف فلل بمكة
شركة تنظيف سجاد بمكة
شركة تنظيف كنب بمكة
شركة نظافة بمكة
شركات تنظيف المنازل بمكة المكرمة
شركة تنظيف موكيت بمكة
شركة تنظيف مجالس بمكة
شركة تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف منازل بمكة
شركة تنظيف فلل بمكة
شركة تنظيف سجاد بمكة
شركة تنظيف كنب بمكة
شركة نظافة بمكة
شركات تنظيف المنازل بمكة المكرمة
شركة تنظيف موكيت بمكة
شركة تنظيف مجالس بمكة
شركة تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بمكة
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة حشرات بالاحساء زهرة الخليج
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالاحساء
شركة رش دفان بتبوك
شركة مكافحة حشرات بتبوك
شركة رش مبيدات بتبوك
شركة رش حشرات بالاحساء
شركة رش مبيدات بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة البق بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة الفئران بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام زهرة الخليج
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالدمام
شركة مكافحة البق بالدمام
شركة مكافحة العتة بالدمام
شركة رش مبيدات بالدمام
شركة رش حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة الفئران بالدمام
شركة مكافحة الصراصير بالدمام
شركة تنظيف بالاحساء زهرة الخليج
ReplyDeleteشركات تسليك المجارى بالاحساء
افضل شركة تسليك مجارى بالاحساء
تسليك مجارى بالاحساء
افضل شركة تنظيف فى الاحساء
شركة تنظيف بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف شقق بالاحساء
تنظيف منازل بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف منازل بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف منازل فى لاحساء
شركة تنظيف بالدمام زهرة الخليج
شركة تنظيف شقق بالدمام
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالدمام
شركة تنظيف خزانات بالدمام
شركة تسليك مجارى بالدمام
شركة غسيل خزانات بالدمام
شركة تنظيف فلل بالدمام
شركة تنظيف وشفط بيارات بالدمام
شركة تنظيف موكيت بالدمام
شركة تنظيف بالدمام
شركة تنظيف فلل بالدمام
شركة تنظيف منازل بالدمام
شركة تسليك بيارات بالدمام
ReplyDeleteشركة تنظيف بالطائف بيت العز0507779248
عزيزى العميل مع كثرة الشركات فى المملكة العربية السعودية ازدادت اهمية تميز افضل شركة تنظيف بالطائف عن غيرها من الشركات لان مع الكثرة وانتشار شركات النظافة فالعملاء اصبحوا يتطلعون الى الافضل فى الخدمة والمناسبة فى الاسعار
شركة تنظيف ستائربالطائف
شركة تنظيف شقق بالطائف
شركة تنظيف سجاد بالطائف
تنظيف فلل بالطائف
شركة تنظيف فلل بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بالطائف بيت العز 0507779248
تنظيف بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف كنب بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف سجاد بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف موكيت بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف مفروشات بالبخار بالطائف
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة حشرات بالطائف بيت العز 0507779248
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالطائف قادره على القيام باعمال المكافحة والقضاء على اى نوع من الحشرات بالاعتماد على احدث الالات والماكينات التى تقوم بالوصول الى اصعب الاماكن التى من الممكن ان يتواجد بيها الحشرات
شركة رش مبيدات بالطائف
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالطائف
شركة مكافحة الفئران بالطائف
مكافحة الفئران بالطائف
http://beit-alezz.com/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81/
شركة تنظيف بمكة توب كلين 0549800078
ReplyDeleteتنظيف بمكة
شركة تنظيف بمكة
شركة تنظيف شقق بمكة
شركة تنظيف منازل بمكة
شركة تنظيف بيوت بمكة
شركة تنظيف فلل بمكة
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالبخار بمكة
تنظيف مجالس بمكة
تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بمكة
شركة تنظيف ستائر بمكة
تنظيف خزانات بمكة
شركة تنظيف بالطائف توب كلين 0549800078
تنظيف بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بالطائف
شركة تنظيف شقق بالطائف
شركة تنظيف منازل بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بيوت بالطائف
شركة تنظيف فلل بالطائف
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالبخار بالطائف
تنظيف مجالس بالطائف
تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف ستائربالطائف
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة حشرات بالطائف 0549800078
مكافحة حشرات بالطائف
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالطائف
شركة رش حشرات بالطائف
شركة رش مبيدات بالطائف
رش مبيدات بالطائف
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالطائف
شركة مكافحة العتة بالطائف
ReplyDeleteشركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة توب كلين 0549800078
مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالمدينة المنورة
شركة رش حشرات بالمدينة المنورة
شركة رش مبيدات بالمدينة المنورة
رش مبيدات بالمدينة المنورة
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالمدينة المنورة
شركة مكافحة العتة بالمدينة المنورة
شركة مكافحة حشرات بمكة توب كلين 0549800078
مكافحة حشرات بمكة
شركة مكافحة حشرات بمكة
شركة رش حشرات بمكة
شركة رش مبيدات بمكة
رش مبيدات بمكة
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بمكة
شركة تنظيف بجدةالدانة كلين
ReplyDelete0508554570
تنظيف بجدة من اهم الخدمات التى تقدمها
شركة تنظيف بجدة
دة تقدم لكل عملائها افضل خدمات التنظيف فى جدة حيث تنتشر فروعها فى كثير من مناطق المملكة حيث تقدم الدانة كلين كل انواع التنظيف (تنظيف البيوت –والشركات – والشاليهات –والمستشفيات –شركة تنظيف منازل بجدة – القصور – تنظيف الخزانات – والبيارات كنب – مجالس ) وغيرها
شركات النظافة بجدة
شركة تنظيف بجدة
شركة تنظيف بيوت بجدة
شركة تنظيف شقق بجدة
شركة تنظيف منازل بجدة
شركة تنظيف فلل بجدة
شركة تنظيف سجاد بجدة
شركة تنظيف كنب بجدة
شركة نظافة بجدة
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بالطائف الدانة كلين 0508554570 - 0508554217
تنظيف بالبخار بالطائف من اجود انواع التنظيف حيث انتشر فى الاونة الاخيرة التنظيف بالبخار وقد اثبت البخار فاعلية اكيدة فى التنظيف ولكن لعتقد الناس ان التظيف بالبخار له اضرار كثيرة اكبر من الفوائد ولكن سوف تخبركم الدانة شركة تنظيف بالبخار بالطائف عن فوائد البخار فى الفقرة القادمة وتقدم الدانة كلين التنظيف لجميع المفروشات بالبخار شركة تنظيف ستائر بالبخار بالطائف ,تنظيف سجاد بالبخار بالطائف , تنظيف مجالس بالبخار بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بالطائف
شركة تنظيف شقق بالطائف
شركة تنظيف فلل بالطائف
شركة تنظيف منازل بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بيوت بالطائف
شركة تنظيف بالبخار بمكة الدانة كلين 0508554570 - 0508554217
شركات النظافة بمكة
شركة تنظيف بمكة
شركة تنظيف بيوت بمكة
شركة تنظيف شقق بمكة
شركة تنظيف منازل بمكة
شركة تنظيف فلل بمكة
شركة تنظيف سجاد بمكة
ReplyDeleteمكافحة الحشرات بمكة من اصعب المهام فالكثير منا يبحث عن بعض الطرق للتخلص من الحشرات ولكن نحن نياس بسرعة من هذا الشئ لذلك ف
شركة مكافحة الحشرات بمكة
ونترك الحال كما هو ولكن من الان وداعا لكل هذا ووداعا للاحراج التى تسببه الحشرات اثناء وجود الضيوف او وداعا للخوف من بعض الحشرات التى تسبب الرعب وخاصة الاطفال فى المنزل كما تواجد الحشرات فى الفنادق قد تسبب الازعاج للنزلاء
مكافحة الحشرات بمكة
شركة رش حشرات بمكة
شركة رش مبيدات بمكة
شركة مكافحة النمل الاسود بمكة
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالطائف الدانة كلين 0508554570 - 0508554217
مكافحة الحشرات بالطائف تقدمها لكم الدانة كلين فاذا كنت تعانى فى بيتك او منزلك اوفلتنك من الحشرات المزعجة التى تسبب قلق وخوف لرعب ممن يتواجد فى المنزل فاذا كنت تريد التخلص من الحشرات فشركة رش مبيدات بالطائف تقدم لك كل خدمتها برش المبيدات للقضاء نهائيا على الحشرات
شركات مكافحة الحشرات فى الطائف
شركة مكافحة الحشرات بالطائف
مكافحة الحشرات بالطائف
شركة مكافحة الحشرات بجدة الدانة كلين 0508554570 - 0508554217
مكافحة الحشرات بجدة لدى
شركة مكافحة الحشرات بجدة
الدانة كلين تقدم افضل خدمات فى مكافحة الحشرات بجدة فالكل يعلم ان الحشرات من الاشياء الضرورية والهامة وهى تمس بصحة الانسان بما تعكسة من اضرار وامراض على صحة الانسان وقد تسبب الحيوانات الاليفة التى يتم تربيتها فى المنازل
شركات مكافحة الحشرات فى جدة
شركة مكافحة الحشرات بجدة
مكافحة الحشرات بجدة
<a href="http://aldanaa.com/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD
ReplyDeleteشركة تنظيف خزانات بمكة الدانة كلين 0508554570 - 0508554217
شركة غسيل خزانات بمكة
شركة تنظيف خزانات بمكة
تنظيف خزانات فى مكة
تنظيف خزانات بمكة
شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة الدانة كلين 0508554570 - 0508554217
شركة غسيل خزانات بجدة
تتشرف بتقديم خدمتها لحضراتكم على مدار اليوم حيث يكون فريق
العمل جاهز لتلقى طلباتكم وعند اتصالكم ترسل الشركة مندوبا لمعرفة سبب المشكلة
لان من المعروف ان جميع الاعمال التى تخص الخزانات من تنظيف خزانات وصيانتها وتعقيمها
شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة
تنظيف خزانات فى جدة
تنظيف خزانات بجدة
شركة عزل خزانات بجدة
شركة تنظيف خزانات بالطائف الدانة كلين0508554570 - 0508554217
شركة تنظيف خزانات بالطائف
شركة تنظيف خزانات فى الطائف
شركة غسيل خزانات بالطائف
شركة عزل خزانات بالطائف
شركة جلى رخام بمعلين سوريين الدانة كلين0508554570 - 0508554217جلى رخام بمعلمين سوريين
ReplyDeleteاسعار جلي البلاط في جدة
اسعار جلي الرخام
شركة جلي بلاط بجدة
جلي رخام بجدة
اسعار جلي البلاط في جدة
اسعار جلى السيراميك